CNSC Practice Exam 2026 – Complete Guide for Certification Preparation – All Questions

Browse all practice questions for the ASPEN Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) Practice Exam. Search by topic, open any question and review its full explanation, then test yourself in the practice quiz.

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Folate and enterohepatic circulation: how bile recycling preserves folate storesWhich statement best describes enterohepatic circulation in folate handling?How Clostridium difficile causes diarrhea in tube-fed patients and how it’s managedWhich of the following is a recognized infectious cause of diarrhea in tube-fed patients?Total body water in adults is about 60% of body weight: what it means for hydration and nutritionTotal body water represents approximately what percent of body weight in typical adults?

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Which statement accurately describes total nutrient admixture (3-in-1) parenteral nutrition?
BMI screening in children begins at what age?
What is the primary purpose of measuring handgrip strength in older adults receiving nutrition support?
What is the half-life of transferrin?
Do standard infant formulas and pediatric trace element products contain selenium?
Which measurements are used to assess subcutaneous fat and muscle mass?
Which statement about the incidence of buried bumper syndrome is correct?
How long can the MNA-SF typically take to administer?
What is the function of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)?
Which feeding method allows meeting nutrient goals with an infusion period less than 24 hours, down to as few as 8 hours?
When administering multiple medications via enteral feeding tubes, how should the medications be given?
Which statement best describes the relationship between corticosteroid dose and osteopenia in IBD patients?
What is a main strategy for reducing the risk of NEC, and what do studies show about early initiation of minimum enteral feeds?
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs primarily in which part of the small intestine?
Gastric residual volumes have been associated with pneumonia and mortality.
Into which part of the gastrointestinal tract does acid chyme move after leaving the stomach?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between inflammation and zinc serum levels?
Hartnup's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder causing poor absorption of which amino acids, potentially producing pellagra-like symptoms?
During discharge education for home enteral nutrition, which item is NOT essential?
One of the most useful diagnostic tests in assessing a child with abnormal growth is which?
Closed enteral nutrition formulas have a specified hang time after opening; the statement 'closed EN formulas can be safely used for 24-48 hours after opening, depending on manufacturer guidelines' is true.
What is the recommended approach to milk consumption to minimize iron deficiency risk in young children?
Which statement best describes sarcopenia body composition changes?
In addition to aggressive refeeding, which places a patient at risk for hypophosphatemia?
In the described anorexia nervosa case, the patient's BMI was less than which percentile?
Which statement about medium-chain triglycerides absorption is true?
Which of the following is most suggestive of malnutrition?
Interventions for diarrhea with high stool output aim to reduce risk of which conditions?
Immediately following neonatal cardiac surgery, which range best estimates parenteral caloric requirements?
What is a key absorption difference between MCTs and long-chain triglycerides?
Which of the following is one of the four types of home and community-based professional nutrition educational services provided by a registered dietitian with a Medicare provider number that are reimbursed?
Why is feeding a patient before hemodynamic stability has been achieved not recommended?
What is the etiology of parenteral nutrition-associated bone disease?
What is the generally accepted treatment plan for eating disorders?
How does Medicare define eligibility for coverage of home enteral nutrition?
Which statement is NOT a component of treatment for infantile anorexia?
Meconium ileus is most commonly associated with which condition?
In cirrhosis, when would a temporary protein restriction be appropriate?
Which trace element deficiency is linked to encephalopathy and amino acid metabolism when supplemented in hepatic disease?
Which BMI percentile range indicates overweight in children?
What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend in infants with acute diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis? Why?
The absorption of the B12-intrinsic factor complex occurs in which part of the small intestine?
In a scenario where a patient receives oral foods during the day and a night tube feeding is used, which feeding pattern does the night regimen exemplify?
Which of the following statements is true about blue dyes used to detect aspiration in enteral feeding?
Vitamin A supplementation is contraindicated or should be used with caution in which patient populations?
C-reactive protein is which type of acute phase protein?
How does soluble fiber impact gastric emptying?
Protein-energy malnutrition is most common in which liver disease type?
Which type of insulin should be used when initiating enteral nutrition in a hospitalized diabetic patient?
What is the incidence of peristomal infection in PEG tube placement?
In postoperative high GRV, which feeding route yields adequate calories?
Underfeeding is associated with which of the following conditions?
Which of the following is a component of bile?
Which zinc supplementation dose is recommended to prevent deficiency in a 1-month-old infant fed human milk?
Which therapy has the potential to depress growth and bone mineral density in children with Crohn's disease?
Which statement describes a consequence of increased short-chain fatty acid production in SBBO?
Which statement about vascular access devices for home PN is true?
How do calories in CLD infants typically compare?
Nutrition support is considered high-risk, problem-prone treatment.
Which of the following are considered the lowest risk candidates for initiation of parenteral nutrition PN in the home setting?
Which nonessential amino acids become conditionally essential in AKI?
Which of the following is one of the three elements of treatment for infantile anorexia?
Which statement is NOT true about the Oley Foundation?
Wilson's disease features copper accumulation due to what defect?
What is required for the formal diagnosis of celiac disease?
Which nutrition support method increases risk of thiamin deficiency due to high glucose loads?
In cystic fibrosis, what is the evidence for omega-3 supplementation?
A PN-associated bone disease is thought to have a component of aluminum toxicity.
What is the electrolyte composition of ileal fluid?
What is a major advantage of the Fenton growth chart?
According to Waterlow criteria, what are the four levels of malnutrition?
In pulmonary insufficiency, excessive calorie administration may cause increased blood pCO2 resulting in
In patients with which condition should copper supplementation be reduced or eliminated due to excretion concerns?
In Vitamin D deficiency rickets, which vitamin D metabolite is typically decreased?
Which statement best describes why diarrhea leads to metabolic acidosis?
How is copper usually excreted from the body?
What is the nutrition therapy for pediatric patients with small burns (< 20% TBSA) not complicated by facial injury, psychologic problems, inhalation injury or pre-burn malnutrition?
Why does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend iron fortified formula or supplemental iron starting at 4-8 weeks?
Are acidic liquid medications recommended enterally? Why?
Transitional infant formulas are fortified with iron to meet the needs of infants with a history of prematurity.
Which statement about osmotic load and formula tolerance is correct?
Disaccharides consist of how many sugar units?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of malnutrition in a patient with liver disease?
How does overfeeding in pulmonary insufficiency lead to respiratory acidosis?
If REE is measured while fasting or feedings are intermittently provided, what adjustment is reasonable?
Which of the following is NOT a reason infants with chronic lung disease often have high calorie needs?
Which statement about the ileocecal valve is true?
During fasting, which statement about leucine is correct?
In PN for a stable infant, which macronutrient is provided at roughly 10-20% of total kcals?
Which statement defines continuous pump feeding?
Why is cysteine considered essential in preterm infants?
Why is glycogen considered a bulky energy storage method?
Which statement best reflects a prevention strategy for gastrostomy exit-site leakage?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of celiac disease in childhood?
Why is plasma carotenoid not used as marker of vitamin A status?
What has evidence shown about glutamine supplementation?
For a 1 month old infant fed human milk, what daily vitamin D supplement is recommended?
Iron and calcium are absorbed primarily in which part of the small intestine?
Which of the following is a commonly reported complication of home enteral nutrition?
A respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.87 most likely suggests
What are the clinical manifestations of aluminum toxicity?
Under sepsis and stress, which metabolic alterations are most likely to occur?
Which enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine?
What are the two screening options for iron deficiency anemia offered by the AAP?
Arginine supplementation should be used most cautiously in which patients?
Which two clinical conditions decrease serum albumin?
Which factor contributes to intolerance when using concentrated formulas?
In critically ill and postoperative neonates, which method is recommended to estimate energy needs?
Which formula is NOT recommended for galactosemia?
Should antidiarrheal medications be ordered in patients with diarrhea prior to receiving C. difficile test results?
What are the two routes of bacterial contamination of enteral feeds?
What did the 2011 omega-3 trials show regarding ARDS?
What is the fluid provision recommendation when using a fiber-containing enteral regimen?
Increased intake of caloric beverages such as juice, soda, and sweetened drinks in children is associated with what health risk?
Port placement for PN is generally indicated for long-term use, defined as more than 6 weeks. Which option best matches this definition?
How would glucose intolerance present in infants?
Why are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid considered essential fatty acids?
In critically ill children, how do predictive equations compare to indirect calorimetry for assessing energy needs?
Using the Holliday-Segar method, what is the maintenance fluid requirement per day for a 25 kg child?
Which of the following lists the three components of total energy expenditure?
How long is the ebb response following burn injury?
What should be done with the result of nutrition screening?
What is the main purpose of preparing enteral formulas in a centralized location when feasible?
Why is gluconeogenesis important during fasting?
Which statement about human milk versus standard formula in CF infants is true?
What effect does dietary fiber have on gastric emptying?
How can refeeding syndrome impact weaning from mechanical ventilation?
Plasma or serum selenium levels primarily reflect which of the following?
Which process has been shown to be most effective for understanding discharge teaching?
To prevent iron deficiency anemia in children, which dietary practice is recommended?
Anabolism is established during which phase of the flow response?
Which nutrition therapy is currently favored in early post transplant hematopoietic cell transplant patients?
The best method to administer psyllium soluble fiber via feeding tube is to:
Protein requirements for hepatic failure should be determined in the same manner as which group?
Bone age assessment relies on normative data for which characteristics?
Is evidence of bowel function (bowel sounds) required prior to starting enteral nutrition?
Which of the following is the correct threshold used to define high-output fistulas for PN indication?
Is it necessary for the patient to know the protein and calories provision of their enteral feeding prescription at discharge?
Which of the following is insoluble fiber?
Kwashiorkor is most directly diagnosed by which finding?
What is the most appropriate situation for nurses to insert a nasogastric feeding tube without physician supervision?
For PN-associated metabolic bone disease risk in IBD patients requiring long-term PN, which of the following is implicated?
In soybean oil-based IVFE, alpha-linolenic acid accounts for approximately what percentage?
Which statement is true regarding gastric residual volumes (GRV)?
One major advantage of human milk over formula.
Which of the following statements about the prosthetic device act criteria for HPN coverage is NOT true?
Should feeding be delayed in the patient at risk of refeeding syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT an example of modular products?
Which acid-base disturbances are associated with hypophosphatemia according to the risk factors?
Which statement is true regarding manganese and patients on long‑term parenteral nutrition (PN)?
Which statement best describes the management of mild hypercalcemia?
The flow phase peaks between which days after burn injury?
What may be needed in the case of frequent interruption of electrical service in the home environment of a patient receiving parenteral nutrition?
Which PN strategy may benefit patients on fat-free PN?
What is the primary complication of hyperphosphatemia?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for aspiration in critically ill patients?
What is the best way to determine chromium deficiency?
Bolus feeding is typically delivered over a short period using a syringe. This period is commonly between which of the following times?
Which statement about iron needs for exclusively breastfed infants is correct?
A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring parenteral nutrition would most likely benefit from a solution containing which of the following?
Which statement describes the appropriate environment for HBMs preparation?
Which element relates to how the feeding is delivered in an enteral nutrition order?
Which type of liquid medications is preferred for enteral administration?
Frequent use of sorbitol-containing medications in enterally fed patients often causes which symptom?
Would enteral nutrition be covered for nausea?
When is fundoplication considered in GERD management?
Define the ethical principle of autonomy.
Which practice is most associated with reducing aspiration risk in PEG-fed patients?
What is the role of correctional insulin in basal-bolus therapy?
A patient has a nasogastric tube on suction for 48 hours after surgery. Which electrolyte is most likely lost?
All of the following hydrolyze fat in the small intestine EXCEPT
Dietary fiber may help to regulate normal defecation by
Which description accurately defines the teach-back process in discharge education?
What is the recommended daily fluid provision per kg to prevent tube feeding syndrome?
Which of the following is a data category to be included in the home care nutrition support performance improvement plan?
In the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, which phase is responsible for measuring the results of the improvement effort?
Where does the majority of protein digestion occur after the stomach?
What are the clinical manifestations of aluminum toxicity?
How long must bowel rest be required for Medicare coverage of HPN?
Which scenario would best reflect a Medicare HPN eligibility criterion?
Which statement distinguishes Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in infants?
Which statement about essential versus nonessential amino acids in AKI PN is most accurate?
What is the AMDR defined as?
How should the administration set be handled by staff to avoid contamination?
What factor during hemodialysis can alter indirect calorimetry measurements?
Enteral formulas supplemented with fiber are often used to prevent constipation in older adults. Which consideration is most important?
In malnourished women with hyperemesis gravidarum who require specialized nutrition support, which nutrient supplementation is most likely required?
What is the only way to treat galactosemia? What formula should be used in infants with galactosemia?
When estimating nitrogen balance from urinary urea nitrogen, which statement best describes the underlying assumption and a more reliable alternative?
Are isolated infusion area and dedicated refrigerator required for home infusion? What is required in the home?
Which of the following is a documented cause of abdominal distention in patients receiving enteral nutrition?
Which pair are both minerals among the nutrients whose absorption may be affected by regular alcohol intake?
What is the maximum recommended infusion rate for phosphate to avoid complications such as thrombophlebitis and metastatic calcium-phosphate deposition?
Which statement is NOT true of EFAD in patients with cystic fibrosis?
In pediatric burn care, when TBSA is greater than 20%, oral intake cannot meet nutrient needs.
Which condition is NOT a basis for Part B eligibility for home enteral nutrition?
Should recommendations for laboratory monitoring be included on the PN order form?
An older adult nursing home resident with constipation and a new PEG tube — which formula would be the best choice?
Which statement best describes the timing of complications after PEG tube placement?
Which phase follows the stress phase?
What is the function of glutamine?
If a patient has supplemental insurance, what is typical about the 20% Medicare coinsurance for enteral formula?
Which mineral is central to the oxygen-carrying function of blood proteins?
What grade level is recommended for patient education materials?
How often should open system feeding administration sets be changed?
What may happen if you do not dilute a liquid enteral medication?
Prealbumin half-life is approximately how many days?
What amino acid is conditionally essential during wound healing?
Enteral nutrition is contraindicated in the early post transplant period due to which major factor in adult hematopoietic cell transplants?
In which part of the body are essential amino acids oxidized?
Lipase and colipase are produced by which organ?
In soybean oil-based IVFE, linoleic acid accounts for approximately what percentage of total calories?
EFAD may contribute to inflammatory pathways contributing to symptoms in CF. Which domains are affected?
The Resident Assessment Instrument is used primarily in which setting?
For acute diarrhea, what is the duration of zinc treatment recommended by guidelines?
Which statement correctly describes the origin and validation of the Fenton growth chart?
Is professional intervention/monitoring for home parenteral nutrition patients by a registered dietitian a covered benefit under Medicare?
What complication can result with high dose pancreatic enzyme usage?
What does PN stand for in the context of nutrition support?
What does an RQ of 0.85 indicate?
In an elderly patient with unintentional weight loss and inadequate intake, which factor is least likely to contribute?
Which vascular access device should not be used for home parenteral nutrition?
During the flow phase, plasma insulin is typically which of the following?
What is the purpose of diluting liquids used for enteral administration?
Into how many levels is degree of undernutrition categorized in Waterlow criteria?
According to evidence, what nutrition support plan should be used for critically ill obese patients?
Aside from meeting one of the two HEN criteria, which of the following is NOT one of the three additional criteria?
Which of the following is a potential complication of central venous access for parenteral nutrition in pregnancy, as listed in the material?
Which statement about insensible fluid losses is true?
What is true about gastric residual volumes and risk of regurgitation or pneumonia?
Where are free fatty acids converted to ketone bodies?
In critically ill children, predictive equations compared to indirect calorimetry generally show:
Why don't many third party payers cover the cost of enteral formula?
Which statement about buried bumper syndrome is true?
What is the primary role of pancreatic enzymes?
When medically possible, when can enteral feeds begin in neonates and what is the preferred formula?
Observation of which drainage at the tube exit site signals infection in a patient with a newly placed gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube?
For ascites, what is the recommended protein intake for repletion?
Which of the following is NOT a reason older adults are at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency?
In a stable infant, what percent of kcals should come from fat in PN?
What does RMR stand for in the context of metabolic calculations?
Which statement about lactose content of preterm formulas is true?
Describe the inflammatory response following a traumatic injury.
What functions does vitamin A have in wound healing?
What is the primary reason EFAD occurs in CF?
According to the ASPEN PN Safety Consensus, which item is NOT mandatory for the PN order form?
Which action should be specified in discharge instructions for late or missed administration?
Are other blue dyes such as methylene blue and FD&C Blue #2 suitable alternatives to detect aspiration in enterally fed patients?
What symptom may manifest with impaction and why?
Which statement about electrolyte replacement in refeeding syndrome is false?
What is the purpose of emulsification by bile acids in fat digestion?
What is BMI used for in pediatric populations?
During the catabolic phase, what is the focus of metabolic support?
Iron is absorbed in which region of the small intestine?
List the three components of the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI).
In postoperative neonatal nutrition, growth is often the primary goal but cannot occur until which condition is met?
What is meconium ileus?
Loss of bile salts in the colon affects water and salt reabsorption by causing:
Compared with prolonged fasting, cancer cachexia in children is characterized by which of the following?
What volume of water is recommended to dissolve crushed immediate-release tablets prior to administration through a feeding tube?
What is the usual cause of challenges in early delivery of enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient?
Which statement about exclusive enteral nutrition is true?
Which is another common gastrostomy site complication, and how can it be prevented?
How does the World Health Organization define acute diarrhea?
According to the Institute of Medicine, calcium and vitamin D play a key role in which health outcome?
Which statement about bone health in pediatric celiac disease is true?
What is methotrexate and how does it work?
Which option best describes the definition of excessive granulation tissue in adults?
Which of the following is NOT a component of geriatric nutritional assessment?
Buried bumper syndrome is caused by erosion of which structure?
Ileal resection may lead to fat malabsorption due to depletion of which pool?
During fasting, which process increases to provide fatty acids?
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of frailty?
Which of the following can result in an invalid indirect calorimetry measurement?
What is the simplest way to deliver gastric feeding that is popular with home care patients?
Dumping syndrome is most likely to develop if all or part of the stomach has been removed.
What intervention can alleviate the most common symptom of dryness when feeding is withheld?
Proximal high-output fistulas are associated with what systemic risk?
In addition to bile salt malabsorption, cholestyramine can be used with antidiarrheal agents in which clinical scenario?
Why are high MCT content included in preterm formulas?
For each kilogram beyond 50 kg, Holliday-Segar maintenance rate is which value?
Glycogen is predominantly stored in which tissues?
What is a typical intermittent feeding volume per administration?
Which macronutrient typically provides the largest share of calories in PN for a stable infant?
Which statement is TRUE regarding aspiration in critically ill children?
Which statement about gastric feeding is true?
Which of the following is a comprehensive consequence of hyperphosphatemia?
Are transitional infant formulas sufficient in iron for premature babies?
Lauric acid is characterized as which type?
What is the purpose of radiographic verification with contrast medium during jejunostomy tube placement?
Why is cysteine not included in standard parenteral amino acid solutions? How is it provided for infants?
Which option is NOT a common first-line therapy for pediatric Crohn's disease?
Which strategy best prevents or resolves nausea in an enterally fed patient?
Which factor is commonly used to manage nausea due to delayed gastric emptying?
In the 2010 HCUP NIS, discharge data were collected from approximately how many hospitals?
Why are formulas containing omega-3 fatty acids recommended in ALI and ARDS?
What are bile acids?
What must be done with the result of the nutrition screen in home care patients?
Do standard infant and pediatric trace element commercial products contain selenium?
Which of the following is a contamination point in enteral feeding with human milk?
What is the treatment for PKU?
Which CF patients are at high risk for EFAD?
When evaluating the home environment for a patient receiving parenteral nutrition, which of the following is required?
What is the most important nutrition intervention to prevent nephrolithiasis?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of celiac disease in childhood related to dental health?
Which condition warrants applying a stress factor of 1.2-1.5 to REE when estimating energy needs?
For SBS patients with a colon, which macronutrient distribution is associated with improved outcomes?
Which of the following is listed as a symptom of manganese toxicity?
Which statement about antibiotic use for feeding tube site care is accurate?
When should Clostridium difficile toxin stool testing be performed?
Which management action is inappropriate for hypergranulation around a PEG exit site?
Which of the following describes an optimal method of preparing and administering medications via an enteral feeding tube?
EFAD in CF is primarily due to malabsorption of which nutrient category?
Which treatment has been shown to induce remission in up to 85% of children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease?
What is the maximum parenteral dextrose infusion rate for a term infant?
What is the BEST indication for the use of a soy-based infant formula?
Which statement about ferric iron (Fe3+) is true?
How does the labeled aluminum amount compare to the measured content in PN products?
Stearic acid is classified as which type?
Which outcome is most likely to occur as a result of age-related functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract?
What does the recent retrospective trial suggest about early enteral nutrition in hemodynamically unstable patients on mechanical ventilation?
Why isn't hemodialysis used as first-line therapy for hyperkalemic emergencies?
In the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation, which two body measurements are included besides age?
The galactose content of lactose-free cow's milk formula is approximately how many milligrams per liter?
Which immunomodulating nutrient may be harmful in patients with severe sepsis?
The risk of enamel fluorosis in infants drinking reconstituted infant formula is positively associated with which factor?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to nasogastric tube feedings?
Regarding iron absorption in human milk, which statement is true?
Why is access to telephone required in the home environment for a patient receiving parenteral nutrition?
Why are higher amounts of taurine and tyrosine included in neonatal PN solutions as compared with adult PN solutions?
What is the evidence for the use of fiber to treat constipation?
Usual clinical presentation for buried bumper syndrome?
For ascites, what is the recommended protein intake for maintenance?
Which statement explains why early enteral feeding might be delayed in critically ill patients?
Which statement about carbohydrate digestion in the mouth is true?
Which practice best describes maintaining enteral tube patency?
What factor places a patient at greater risk of pressure necrosis and ulceration at the tube site?
Selenium is active as an antioxidant and is vital for development of which organ system in infants?
What is one of the most useful diagnostic tests in assessing a child with abnormal growth?
Which of the following are commonly reported caregiver concerns with home enteral nutrition?
Achlorhydria and crystalline B12 absorption.
Which vitamin is a cofactor for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle?
Which infection-control concept should be included in discharge instructions?
What is the principal metabolic fuel for intestinal cells?
The sodium content of ileostomy output can be as high as 120 mEq/L. What value does this represent?
Which statement is true regarding antidiarrheal use in Clostridium difficile infection?
Which two gas exchange measurements are used to calculate REE and RQ?
What marker is used primarily to monitor protein intake during nutrition support?
What is the hang time range for closed system enteral feeding containers?
Which of the following is NOT an evidence-based ASPEN/SCCM recommendation for minimizing aspiration risk?
What is the only way to treat galactosemia?
Which of the following is the most appropriate situation for nurses to insert a nasogastric feeding tube without physician supervision?
How is energy expenditure impacted in liver disease?
What is the purpose of glutamine supplementation?
Which two conditions comprise the high-risk profile for aluminum toxicity in PN patients?
CRBSI stands for which of the following?
GFR for stage 4 kidney damage with severe, low GFR?
Which organ stores glycogen to provide glucose during fasting?
Recent findings suggest that caloric beverages consumed by children are complementary, and weight management should focus on which aspect?
Which data should be collected in the home care provider's performance improvement plan?
Medicare reimbursement for home and community-based professional nutrition educational services provided by a registered dietitian is restricted to patients who
Why is the basal-bolus approach preferred?
In the United States, intravenous fat emulsions are composed mainly of which oil?
An assessment of functional status may aid in determining nutrition risk. Which assessment provides information on functional status?
What is the effect of managing biliary atresia with MCT oil predominantly without LCT formula?
Which of the following is a non-drug treatment option in the management of hyperkalemia?
When possible, where should enteral formulas be mixed, reconstituted or diluted?
Which statement best describes the use of elemental versus polymeric formulas in exclusive enteral nutrition?
Under Medicare guidelines, which documentation is required for HPN coverage when a malnourished patient has a partial small bowel obstruction and limited oral intake?
Proton pump inhibitors can affect vitamin B12 absorption. Which statement accurately describes their effect and the risk with long-term use.
Define biliary atresia.
Which is the best indicator of manganese status?
What is the top priority for intervention following a traumatic injury?
Which biomarker is used as an alternative marker to assess vitamin A status aside from serum retinol?
When implementing early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients, which factor is most likely to increase success in moving patients toward target feeding rate?
Which data should be collected in the home care provider's performance improvement plan?
Which feeding characteristic can contribute to abdominal distention due to osmolarity?
The ideal sodium concentration for an oral rehydration solution depends on which factor?
What is the optimal sodium concentration of an oral rehydration solution for patients with short bowel syndrome?
The energy for glucose transport is provided by the active transport of which ion?
What do parietal cells secrete?
When are lower glucose targets (less than the recommended 140-180 mg/dL) considered appropriate?
Many insurance policies establish their own criteria for EN and PN, while others follow guidelines set forth by which program?
Why are maximally concentrated nutrition solutions used in patients with ascites?
What is the most widely used tool to measure generic health-related quality of life?
Do current PN admixtures contain choline?
Name 3 signs/symptoms that meconium ileus and fibrosing colonopathy share. What is the major difference?
Why is it important to identify iron deficiency anemia in young infants and children?
Which of the following is a nutritional impact of SBBO?
Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated celiac disease in children?
Retinol-binding protein half-life is how long?
How does indirect calorimetry calculate resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ)?
What is the role of oxalic acid in metabolic bone disease?
Discharge instructions should include which of the following about the home care company?
A 13-year-old boy with BMI percentile 97th would be classified as which weight status?
Which parameter is used to determine PN indication in fistula patients?
How can chronic steroid use negatively affect nutritional status?
Why is 30-35 kcal/kg/day considered acceptable for older adults on dialysis?
Which statement about hyperemesis gravidarum and nutrition support is true?
Which statement best describes the effect of granulation on PEG site skin health?
What is considered the hallmark feature of refeeding syndrome?
Zinc supplementation in childhood diarrhea has been associated with which outcome?
Which statement is a listed discharge component?
Biliary atresia in infancy is most frequently associated with which of the following?
What is the recommended hang time for closed-system enteral feeding containers?
What type of data was used to develop the Fenton growth chart?
What is the typical duration of an intermittent feeding session?
Do gastric residual volumes correlate with the incidence of regurgitation, aspiration or pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with EFAD?
Indirect calorimetry (IC) calculates
Short chain fatty acids are defined as having how many carbon atoms?
Copper deficiency is associated with decreased activity of which enzyme in erythrocytes?
In a postoperative patient with documented high gastric residual volumes who is receiving bolus feedings, which strategy is most likely to improve feeding tolerance?
Which statement best describes the relationship between hypoalbuminemia and hypocalcemia?
Which statement about managing hypergranulation is correct?
Should papain be used to break down bezoar? Why?
Which is a potential complication of tube feeding syndrome?
Fatty acids are characterized by carbon atoms and what other feature?
Why is thiamin deficiency seen in patients with heart failure?
Which statement best describes EFAD prevention in pediatric PN?
What is the recommended approach to minimize aluminum exposure in parenteral nutrition?
What urine output target is recommended to prevent nephrolithiasis?
What is the primary mechanism behind calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in short bowel syndrome?
What is the etiology of gastric ulceration associated with PEG tube placement?
An 85-year-old man with gradual, nonvolitional weight loss and no major health problems is described. Which statement most accurately describes his weight loss?
How do burns impact metabolism?
The most common complication after PEG tube placement is:
In cyclic PN, what type of calcium balance can be expected?
What is the estimated reduction in mortality associated with zinc supplementation for childhood diarrhea?
Are hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes considered markers of malnutrition?
In a preterm infant, which amino acid is separately added to parenteral nutrition solutions due to solubility concerns?
Which change can help reduce osmotic load and improve tolerance in an enteral feeding?
Should medications be mixed directly into the enteral formula for administration?
Why would a thiamin deficiency result in lactic acidosis?
Which option lists the five elements required on the EN formula label?
What condition is an indication for PN in fistula management?
Which option describes possible causes of reflux in children receiving enteral nutrition?
In pediatric ICU patients, predictive equations for energy expenditure yield results that are not consistent with measured energy expenditure, leading to under or overfeeding.
How many levels of undernutrition are defined by the Waterlow criteria?
The transition from the acute phase to the adaptive phase of the flow response is described as?
Which statement best describes growth in neonates during a stress response?
Transferrin half-life is approximately how many days?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a major risk factor for aspiration?
What is the MAXIMUM parenteral dextrose infusion rate for a term infant?
Why do caregivers of patients receiving enteral nutrition often report guilt?
How should PN ingredients be ordered for adults?
Presence of dietary fat in the distal ileum contributes to
Which of the following is NOT a potential indicator of pain at a G-tube site?
Which of the following options best describes items not traditionally part of a performance improvement plan but part of planning for home nutrition support?
In what situations is tricep skinfold thickness not reliable?
The use of enteral formulas enriched with BCAAs is best used for patients with:
NOT listed as a population at risk for hypophosphatemia?
What practice has persisted since 1999 that maintains risk of thiamin deficiency in PN?
Which method of enteral nutrition delivery is preferred for critically ill patients?
Following initial certification of parenteral nutrition by Medicare, after what length of time is recertification required?
Renal tubular acidosis commonly shows abnormalities in which two laboratory values?
Which statement about mixed state malnutrition is accurate?
Which fat type is more prevalent in preterm formulas compared with standard infant formulas, and why?
Copper toxicity may lead to which severe outcome?
How do predictive equations compare with indirect calorimetry when predicting energy expenditure in children?
Which is the hang time for expressed human milk when used for continuous enteral feedings?
Mid-arm muscle circumference and hand grip strength are sensitive markers for what?
Which statement correctly describes arginine as a semi-essential amino acid?
In cystic fibrosis, pancreatic enzymes supplemented at high doses could result in:
Which service is reimbursed by Medicare for home and community-based professional nutrition education?
A 51-year-old woman who is 10 years after gastric bypass presents with numbness and tingling in the distal lower extremities and significant anemia with neutropenia, but normal vitamin B12, iron, ferritin, and transferrin. Which nutritional deficiency is the most likely cause of these findings?
In decisions about artificial nutrition and hydration for incompetent patients without an advance directive, which ethical principle is most central?
Which action correctly follows nutrition screening in home PN care?
What disease causes copper toxicity?
What population has a lower tolerance of alcohol?
How do Government insurance programs determine coverage for home parenteral nutrition in general?
Why should Vitamin K be closely monitored in patients on 3-in-1 PN and warfarin therapy?
Which statement best describes indirect calorimetry REE measurement?
List 4 patient populations who qualify for Medicare reimbursement for home and community-based professional nutrition educational services provided by a registered dietitian
Why should holding of feedings be minimized?
Which of the following GI complications is most likely to preclude enteral nutrition in the first 2–3 weeks after stem cell transplantation?
In the context of refeeding, which electrolyte disturbance is most concerning?
Describe the hypocaloric feeding recommendations for obese patients on PN?
In terms of lactose load, how do preterm formulas compare to standard term formulas?
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with which of the following conditions?
How does the prevalence of chronic cholestasis relate to the duration of PN usage?
A 4 month old male has acute onset of diarrhea for 48 hours. He has mild dehydration. What is the most appropriate nutrition intervention for this infant?
Bone age assessment is used to determine the degree of skeletal maturation by comparing radiographs to normative data for different ages and sexes. Which factor best describes those norms?
How much TBW is contained in the intracellular fluid?
Which amino acid becomes conditionally essential in AKI and is listed among commonly conditionally essential amino acids?
How often should electrolytes be monitored in a patient on home parenteral nutrition support?
What is the energy requirement for the growing neonate?
Which age range is specified for universal screening in the AAP's iron deficiency anemia recommendations?
What is the theory behind use of BCAA enriched formulas in refractory encephalopathy?
A 30 kcal/oz concentrated standard infant formula typically has osmolality around which value?
How should PN ingredients be ordered for pediatric and neonatal patients?
Which phase emphasizes tight glucose control as a metabolic goal?
According to the Waterlow criteria, wasting is a marker of what?
Crushing modified-release dosage forms may lead to which potential outcome?
What is the purpose of ketone metabolism in starvation?
Which term describes the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the needs of half of healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group?
Ethanol lock solution has been shown to prevent which process in the catheter lumen?
When considering higher fiber content in an enteral formula, what is a plausible effect on distention?
Where and how does carbohydrate digestion begin?
How does calcium RDA change with age?
How does the colon produce short chain fatty acids?
Which growth chart allows comparison for preterm infants from 22 weeks gestational age through 10 weeks post-term age?
Which of the following is included in proper discharge components?
Which of the following is a listed reason constipation can occur with enteral nutrition?
Which statement best describes the difference in amino acid composition between neonatal and adult PN solutions?
For HEN coverage, which statement accurately reflects nutrition feasibility?
Why does hypoglycemia occur in the majority of patients with fulminant hepatic failure?
Up to how many carbon atoms can fatty acids be absorbed directly through the intestinal villi?
Which description best defines eligibility for Medicare Part B home enteral nutrition benefit?
Under Medicare guidelines when are enteral infusion pumps covered? Which of the following is NOT listed as an example supporting pump use?
What is the hang time for open system enteral feeding containers at the hospital?
In pediatric oncology, cachexia is characterized by which of the following?
In the context of HEN, what does permanence mean?
Which description best matches recommended skin care around the feeding tube site?
Which of the following is a primary cause of oozing stools in a tube fed patient?
Which strategy may increase the amount of feeding delivered in patients with high GRVs?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a contamination point when using human milk for enteral feeding?
What is the usual onset age range for infantile anorexia?
Which statement best describes the hang time for a closed system enteral feeding container?
Which statement best describes the role of modular products in enteral nutrition?
Among the available evidence, which outcome has glutamine supplementation been shown to reduce in critically ill patients?
Malnutrition is most common in which form of inflammatory bowel disease?
In PKU, which amino acid becomes deficient due to the metabolic block?
Why is a high complex carbohydrate diet recommended for patients with short bowel and a colon in continuity?
What is the role of the ileocecal valve in nutrient absorption?
In severe acute pancreatitis, the use of enteral nutrition via nasojejunal feeding tube rather than parenteral nutrition is associated with
Which fundoplication procedures are most commonly used in the United States for severe reflux?
Which of the following is NOT a category used by the Subjective Global Assessment for nutritional status?
Which amino acid is the key fuel for the small intestine?
Who should perform the initial replacement of a gastrostomy or PEG tube?
In hepatic encephalopathy, what contributes to the symptoms due to amino acid imbalance?
After 1-2 weeks of starvation, which organ adapts to use ketones as an energy source?
Why is IV hydration not recommended in the care of the terminal patient?
Among neurologically impaired children, aspiration and pneumonia are primarily associated with which condition?
Which of the following is a sign of EFAD?
Which restriction is recommended for ascites management?
Which statement about obesity and fat-soluble drug dosing is true?
Is protein restriction recommended as a strategy to reduce the risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy?
Which feeding schedule is most appropriate for a critically ill patient with labile and poorly controlled blood glucose concentrations?
Which of the following is a common sign seen in a patient with vitamin D toxicity?
Which population should not have their fluid needs estimated by the Body Surface Area method?
Which adaptation is associated with starvation?
A 75-year-old male with aspiration pneumonia on continuous enteral nutrition via NG tube, unsafe for oral diet. Which long-term feeding option would be most appropriate?
Which feeding delivery method is most commonly used for patients with a jejunal feeding tube?
A 62-year-old female with impaired renal function is prescribed sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for a urinary tract infection. Which electrolyte disorder is most likely to occur?
A potential consequence of pressure necrosis at the gastrostomy tube site is:
Sorbitol-induced hypokalemia is caused by which mechanism?
What is a benefit of ethanol as a lock solution for catheters?
Which molecules are primarily transported by lipoproteins in the bloodstream?
What specific area is required for home parenteral nutrition patients?
In patients with severe acute pancreatitis, EN has several benefits over PN. Which of the following is NOT a listed benefit?
Which of the following is a potential cause of abdominal distention due to enteral feeding?
In a 45 year old patient with suspected vitamin A deficiency, supplementation of vitamin A (25,000 IU/day) should usually be given for a maximum of
NOT a component of a micronutrient assessment in PN patients?
Which statement best describes the SGA assessment method?
In Medicare criteria for HEN, permanence is determined by whom and documented in the medical record?
How does megestrol acetate affect diabetes?
Which laboratory marker is used to assess zinc status, and what factor can complicate its interpretation?
For feeding a pancreatic insufficient CF infant, which option NOT indicated?
Immediately following neonatal cardiac surgery, which of the following is the best estimate of parenteral caloric requirements?
Which of the following is one of the elements reflected on the enteral nutrition (EN) formula label?
Do soy protein-based formulas have a role in preventing allergy or in managing non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as infantile colic and regurgitation?
Is cow's milk a sufficient source of iron for babies?
Stearic acid is an example of which fatty acid classification?
Which statement best describes the fat composition of preterm formulas and the reason for it?
Which of the following is NOT a listed GERD complication in infants?
Which statement best describes octreotide's effect on short bowel syndrome outcomes?
Which statement about selenium status tests is true?
What provides the energy for glucose transport into intestinal mucosal cells?
Which statement best describes modular products?
Which type of medication should be crushed for administration via enteral feeding tube?
After prolonged fasting, what energy source does the brain predominantly use?
Is an isolated infusion area and dedicated refrigerator needed for home parenteral nutrition?
In long-term PN patients, which statement about zinc status is true?
Which measurements does Waterlow criteria take into account?
During bowel rest, mucosal atrophy is best described as which of the following?
Which test or tests are included in the weekly lab monitoring for home PN?
Why are resections of the proximal bowel generally better tolerated?
Regular alcohol intake may affect absorption and utilization of which six vitamins and minerals?
The risk of metastatic calcification increases when the product of calcium x phosphorus exceeds which value?
Why is glutamine considered conditionally essential in some clinical conditions?
Why are PN ingredients ordered per day for adults and per kilogram per day for pediatric and neonatal patients?
Is parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) recommended in AKI?
Which lab can be used to determine vitamin D adequacy, and how should it be interpreted?
Which of the following is NOT a reported benefit of non-nutritive sucking in the enterally fed patient?
Which type of formula tends to have higher osmolality due to smaller particle size?
What measurement is used to determine nitrogen balance?
Which intervention is recommended to prevent feeding tube occlusion during GRV assessment in adults?
Which of the following is considered an upper limit for the osmolality of infant formulas to avoid tolerance issues?
What is the purpose of nocturnal feeds?
Which statement best describes the response of heart failure symptoms in wet beriberi to thiamin supplementation?
Which option best describes two reasons critically ill children have an increased risk of aspiration?
Under Medicare Part B, who is responsible for the 20% coinsurance for enteral formula?
What is the appropriate use of powdered infant formula in healthcare facilities?
Which organizations have provided guidelines on calories and protein for critically ill obese patients?
Which statement best describes cyclic feeding?
Which medication would be appropriate to crush and deliver via an enteral feeding tube?
What do the PINI, NRI, and PNI have in common?
Why is liver failure associated with copper toxicity?
Which molecule acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion?
What is the daily maintenance fluid requirement for a 5 kg infant?
Administration sets used for human breast milk should be DEHP-free and changed every how many hours?
What are two disadvantages of many liquid medications for enteral administration?
Do over-consumed juice intakes in children necessarily reduce milk or other food intake?
Enterokinase activates which enzyme in digestion?
A patient who weighs 75 kg is receiving 65 mL/hour of a 2-in-1 PN solution that contains 117 g protein and 273 g dextrose in addition to 250 mL of 20% IVFE. What is the daily caloric content of this regimen per kg body weight?
What is the main difference between Vitamin D deficiency rickets and Vitamin D dependent type 2 rickets?
Which of the following is NOT a frequently reported concern of caregivers of patients receiving enteral tube feedings?
Why is a home or cellular telephone important for patients receiving home parenteral nutrition?
In the event that an incompetent individual has an advance directive regarding artificial nutrition and hydration, how should the decision be made using ethical principles?
What could hyperglycemia indicate in a non-diabetic older adult being enterally fed?
Which statement about ursodiol is true?
Which organ is the primary source of intrinsic factor?
After solid organ transplant, cyclosporine is commonly used for which purpose?
What is the preferred treatment in an otherwise healthy infant who is mildly dehydrated from diarrhea?
The usual treatment for mild hypercalcemia is which of the following?
Would a patient with a permanent non-function of the small bowel be eligible for home enteral nutrition coverage under Medicare?
A patient on digoxin who is also receiving parenteral nutrition develops signs of digoxin toxicity. Which electrolyte abnormality should be assessed?
The catabolic phase of the metabolic response to critical illness lasts approximately how long?
Which statement best describes the recommended use of the MNA-SF?
Which of the following is NOT among the elements excreted at higher rates in urine during the flow phase after burn injury?
How many calories are in 1 gram of dextrose?
What statement best describes nutrition support adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients?
What is megestrol acetate and its primary function?
Which formulation is indicated for chronic lung disease?
Under Medicare guidelines, enteral infusion pumps are covered when which circumstance is documented?
How does insulin affect potassium and phosphorus?
During which phase is gluconeogenesis a key metabolic process?
In transitioning from enteral tube to oral feeding, tube feeding may be discontinued when adequacy of oral intake meets at least:
What is the function of bile salts in digestion?
Which predictive equation has demonstrated the greatest accuracy in estimating actual resting metabolic rate in healthy obese and non-obese adults?
Megestrol acetate downregulates the synthesis and release of which type of molecules, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects?
Which statement best describes the fate of most ingested glucose?
What are 3 components of geriatric nutrition assessment?
Why is bone age assessment useful in evaluating children with short stature?
Which of the following are current practice recommendations to maintain feeding tube patency in the adult patient?
In short bowel syndrome, octreotide injections are most beneficial when there is which condition?
The presence of which facilitates the absorption of sodium in the lumen of the small intestine?
Which of the following is an example of a short chain fatty acid?
Which statement best describes the principle behind adjusting oral rehydration solution sodium concentration in short bowel patients?
Which of the following sets of biochemical findings is consistent with Vitamin D deficient rickets?
EN should be delayed until the following prerequisites are accomplished before starting to reduce the risk of intestinal ischemia?
What bone age is typically associated with precocious puberty?
Which clinical sign in an infant with diarrhea indicates that dehydration is not severe?
To minimize refeeding syndrome risk, an electrolyte replacement protocol should be started before nutrition therapy begins.
Which statement about the SF-36 is true?
Which of the following is NOT a component of RAPs?
Define bolus feedings.
Extraskeletal outcome evidence included which of the following?
In CF management, what is the current consensus on omega-3 supplementation?
What is a source of cosmetic concern for most HPN patients?
The initiation of enteral tube feeding should be delayed when the patient is:
All patients admitted to the home care provider shall undergo nutrition screening within:
Which of the following is a component of treatment for infantile anorexia?
What do plasma or serum levels of selenium primarily reflect?
Which deficiency may occur with biliary atresia, chronic malnutrition, cirrhosis and chronic stress that is difficult to assess and detect due to laboratory limitations?
Which statement about RQ and interpretation is true?
Which cells in the stomach are responsible for producing intrinsic factor?
Does indirect calorimetry measure nitrogen balance?
Which statement is most true about marasmus?
During the acute phase response, what happens to serum iron and ferritin levels?
Which two amino acids are essential in neonates but not in adults?
Sarcopenia, a loss of lean body mass that occurs with aging, is also associated with which change?
Fanconi syndrome is listed among the populations at risk for which electrolyte disorder?
The subjective global assessment includes which components?
What is the physiologic function of aluminum?
Gluten-free diet is primarily indicated for which condition?
Which component does not contribute to osmolality in infant formulas?
What is the impact of Wheat Bran (insoluble fiber) on IBS?
Which entity's guidelines do some insurers follow when determining EN and PN coverage?
Which term describes the rapid breakdown of protein in acutely ill patients?
How should the dosage for vitamins be documented in PN ingredient orders?
Renal tubular acidosis is associated with abnormalities in which laboratory parameters?
How are conditionally indispensable amino acids defined?
What is the GFR for ESRD?
Which of the following is listed as a contributor to frailty?
What is one proposed mechanism by which valproic acid may cause carnitine deficiency?
Which statement describes marasmus?
Are clinically significant protein deficiencies common?
Which enteral feeding method provides 240 mL of formula via a syringe over as few as 4-10 minutes?
If there is drainage from the feeding tube site, what is the recommended practice regarding dressings?
Which nutrition support increases the metabolic demand for thiamin?
Glutamine is a vital fuel for rapidly dividing cells. Which of the following statements best describes one of these cell types that utilizes glutamine as an energy source?
Who should evaluate a new G-tube pain to prevent serious complications?
Which is a benefit of using an electromagnetic placement device for nasogastric tube placement?
Is soy formula recommended in acute diarrhea due to gastroenteritis? Why?
What disease has hyperhomocysteinemia been linked to?
Which factor after GI surgery may impact absorptive function related to the specific segment of bowel that has been resected?
Does indirect calorimetry measure total energy expenditure?
In neurologically impaired children, what is the primary risk factor for aspiration pneumonia?
Which of the following sets of laboratory tests is recommended to be monitored weekly in home parenteral nutrition patients until clinically stable?
Which of the following is NOT a reason infants with chronic lung disease have high calorie needs?
What is the caloric prescription for HPN under Medicare?
Which diagnosis would meet Medicare Part B coverage criteria to qualify a beneficiary for home enteral nutrition?
Which statement best summarizes arginine supplementation in critical illness?
Which feeding approach is associated with improved tolerance and delivery in critically ill patients?
What type of malnutrition are hyperglycemia, hypermetabolism and lipolysis characteristics of?
Which act established the standardized assessment framework including the MDS for long-term care facilities?
Which statement about selenium status testing is true?
Potential metabolic causes for a respiratory quotient (RQ) greater than 1 include all of the following EXCEPT
Which statement best describes how closed enteral feeding systems affect nursing workload?
Which item is included on the PN label?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for aspiration?
Which of the following is the most comprehensive approach to reduce gastrostomy exit-site leakage?
The development of liver complications with PN usage is primarily due to which factor?
selenium supplementation should be reduced in TPN-dependent neonates under which circumstance?
What result of thiamin deficiency can be fatal?
Which of the following is a factor associated with metabolic bone disease in inflammatory bowel disease?
An 85-year-old nursing home resident with anorexia and probable aspiration pneumonia; which nutrition plan would be most appropriate?
Which of the following is included among the PINI inflammatory response markers?
What is refeeding syndrome?
Which deficiency is rare but presents with anemia, leucopenia, neutropenia, and peripheral neuropathy?
What energy expenditure measurement uses heat released from the subject?
What is the Oley Foundation?
How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
Which statement about HIV-associated lipodystrophy is true?
What is the osmolality recommendation for infant formulas?
Cholestyramine is primarily used to treat which condition?
In Mosteller's approach, the BSA is multiplied by which baseline daily maintenance fluid to obtain daily maintenance?
The competitive interaction between zinc and copper occurs when zinc is taken through which route?
How much TBW is contained in the extracellular fluid?
Hepatic steatosis may occur as the first stage of hepatic insufficiency due to which cause?
What are the potential consequences of aluminum toxicity?
Which additive has greatest risk of destabilizing IVFE in a TNA?
A patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may benefit from a feeding formula containing supplemental
Which statement best describes the course of infant regurgitation?
What is a major advantage of the Fenton growth chart?
What is the evidence for choline supplementation in steatosis?
What is the new evidence about starting enteral nutrition in hemodynamically unstable patients on mechanical ventilation?
List the four physical exam factors used in the SGA?
Why is cysteine added as cysteine HCl in PN for preterm infants?
Which statement best describes the ethical principle of justice?
What GI effect is commonly seen with medications such as narcotics or diphenhydramine?
How does the Holliday-Segar method work?
What is the storage form of glucose in the body?
What is a benefit of using an electromagnetic placement device for nasogastric tube placement?
Which statement best describes how aging of the GI tract can affect immunoglobulin A (IgA) responsiveness?
Which of the following is a contributing factor to gastrointestinal toxicity in the first 2-3 weeks after stem cell transplant?
How does enamel fluorosis develop?
Why would women with hyperemesis gravidarum be at risk for Wernicke's encephalopathy, and what is the recommended treatment when starting dextrose-containing fluids?
Which is a characteristic of acute disease-associated malnutrition?
A patient on long-term home enteral nutrition suddenly develops nausea and vomiting. The most likely cause is
Why do we use the term SIAD instead of SIADH?
The night feeding scenario described is an example of which feeding type?
What is a common consequence of excessive milk intake in children?
What is hepatic steatosis?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of home infusion providers?
Can disposable feeding administration sets be reused?
Which feeding pattern has been associated with prolonged ventilator dependence in mechanically ventilated patients?
What is the initial action before nutrition therapy for hyperemesis gravidarum?
Which statement about the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation is most consistent with the material?
Which sign is observed in PN patients with inadequate chromium intake?
Which protein transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body?
Which statement correctly reflects Medicare criteria regarding weight maintenance?
What is a major contributing factor in the development of metabolic bone disease in patients with IBD?
Is routine use of antibiotic ointments advisable for the care of feeding tube sites?
Which area of the gastrointestinal tract has the LEAST impact on nutrient absorption and intestinal adaptation following significant intestinal resection?
Which organ is primarily responsible for copper excretion from the body?
What was the Waterlow criteria developed to determine?
What is the role of bile acids in fat digestion?
Which substance has a half-life closest to 12 hours?
Early initiation of enteral feeding has been suggested to reduce infectious complications and length of stay. Which patient group might be at significant risk from early enteral feeding?
What is the one advantage of open enteral feeding systems?
What is a key purpose of having a back-up infusion pump in home PN care?
What was found to be the most common problem in a group of elderly patients receiving home enteral nutrition, and what is its etiology?
What is the correct daily enteral iron dose for preterm infants one month after birth?
What is the recommended blood glucose level for critically ill patients?
Which of the following are recommendations for measuring GRVs?
Which long-term enteral access is preferred in patients at increased risk for aspiration?
Does infantile anorexia typically follow a traumatic event?
Which population is the Holliday-Segar method not suitable for?
In a large multicenter cooperative study, what proportion of cancer patients presented with weight loss at diagnosis?
The initiation of enteral tube feeding should be delayed when the patient is
Describe the Swinamer Equation.
Soluble fiber impact on blood glucose?
In the Swinamer calculation, what does BSA stand for?
Which growth chart is used to compare preterm infants from 22 weeks gestational age through 10 weeks post-term age?
What plasma/serum selenium concentration is considered adequate?
In plasma, retinol is transported primarily bound to which molecule?
Which item is NOT listed among those that should be addressed prior to discharge of an HPN patient?
Which of the following is a sign of glucose intolerance in infants on PN?
The threshold for PN indication in fistulas is greater than 500 mL/day.
Describe bolus feeding.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by deficiency of which enzyme, and what is the typical chronic dietary management?
Which of the following is a documented benefit of early initiation of minimum enteral feeds in low birth weight or very low birth weight infants?
Which form of thiamin deficiency is associated with edema and cardiovascular symptoms?
Which statement correctly identifies the nutrients whose absorption may be reduced due to age-related changes in the GI tract?
How does fermented fiber increase fecal bulk?
Which insulin strategy is least favored in hospitalized patients?
Which syringe size is recommended for flushing small-bore feeding tubes?
In addition to reducing diarrhea duration, zinc supplementation has been associated with what other outcome?
What is the most appropriate fluid requirement for a healthy 78 year old adult?
Why is D-lactic acidosis more likely in a patient with an intact colon and short bowel?
Is gastrointestinal surgery a contraindication to early enteral nutrition?
What is a time-limited trial of SNS in patients with a DNR order?
Home-prepared or blenderized enteral nutrition formulations should be discarded after which time?
Choline supplementation has been investigated for hepatic steatosis; what has been observed?
What should be supplemented in patients on long-term steroids to reduce osteopenia?
Which statement about teenage PN candidacy is accurate?
Which scenario is most associated with social embarrassment for someone caring for a patient on EN?
Describe preterm human milk's protein concentration and fortification needs.
Which of the following is a documented complication of persistent diarrhea?
Which enzymes hydrolyze RNA and DNA to form mononucleotides?
Which of the following is an expected physiological change over time in older adults?
Which of the following is a common gastrointestinal toxicity observed in the first 2-3 weeks after stem cell transplant that often precludes enteral feeding?
Nutrition therapy for pediatric patients with < 20% total body surface area TBSA burn typically includes
Which enteral nutrition component may help to promote regular bowel movements in patients receiving enteral nutrition, but may also lead to excess gas production and increased abdominal distention? What can be done to prevent this?
In a nocturnal cyclic feeding example, what is the typical night feeding rate?
The osmolality of standard infant formulas at a caloric density of 20 kcal/oz generally falls within which range?
Which statement is true about the proportion of glucose that is oxidized versus stored as glycogen?
Define intermittent feeding.
Which medications (2) may be beneficial in post-operative patients with high GRVs?
Which statement is true about the environment for indirect calorimetry?
Which description best defines a bolus feeding?
A parenteral nutrition formulation contains 95 grams of protein. How many grams of nitrogen does it contain?
Which statement best describes PN indication for fistulas based on daily output?
In enteral nutrition formula safety, which practice is recommended?
Which statement best describes the additional tests that must be met beyond the primary criteria for HEN?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?
Which statement about REDOX trials is accurate?
Pancreatic lipase primarily acts in which part of the digestive tract to digest triglycerides?
Crohn's disease can appear anywhere along the GI tract from the mouth to which end?
What is the primary energy storage molecule for glucose in humans?
Which are the two forms of glutamine dipeptides used in PN admixtures?
Which type of medication formulations should not be crushed and given through feeding tubes?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to nasogastric tube feedings in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis?
Which statement accurately describes health literacy strategies in discharge teaching?
Which of the following should not be crushed and given through the feeding tube?
MCT do not require micelles or bile salts for absorption because they are
What is the purpose of published safe enteral nutrition guidelines?
Which pair of medications is cited as prokinetic options to increase motility?
Which statement best describes the use of enteral nutrition support in hyperemesis gravidarum?
What is the objective measure used to assess functional status?
In standard term infant formulas, what percentage of carbohydrate calories comes from lactose?
Which measurement is commonly used to assess subcutaneous fat in nutrition assessments?
When a patient is identified as nutritionally at-risk on the initial screen, what action should be taken?
Cranberry juice flush is considered not to be a research-based method to restore patency because it has which of the following characteristics?
What is the Holliday-Segar method?
When interpreting zinc levels, which condition can mislead interpretation?
Which formula approach is most appropriate in infants with chronic lung disease?
What is the formula for RQ?
What is the RDA for vitamin D for children aged 1-18 years?
Which statement about regurgitation in infants is false?
If conjugated bilirubin is elevated in a patient on a 12-hour cycle of 3-in-1 HPN, which action is most appropriate?
Why is the significance of GRV controversial?
Continuous feeding in critically ill patients may decrease aspiration risk by preventing gastric distention.
Which of the following are counter-regulatory hormones responsible for the hypercatabolic state observed in critically ill trauma patients?
Which finding indicates protein malnutrition on physical examination?
What types of medications are documented to result in constipation?
What does the research say about the use of BCAA enriched formulas for refractory encephalopathy?
What is the purpose of pancreatic enzyme therapy?
Which of the following should always appear on the label of an enteral feeding product given to a patient in the hospital?
What is the recommended IV calcium gluconate dosage and onset time in hyperkalemia?
What is the primary reason biliary atresia leads to fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption?
Standard infant formulas with a caloric density of 20 kcal/oz generally have osmolality in which range?
Which option is NOT listed as a cause of mucosal atrophy during bowel rest?
Which statement best explains why the 2-4 mg/kg/day iron dose is recommended during early infancy?
Which policy area should home infusion providers have addressing to meet quality standards?
Length for age indicates which condition in the Waterlow criteria?
What does the MDS stand for in long-term care assessments?
If RQ is 0.82, what is the recommended action?
How is aluminum toxicity treated?
What is the effect of gastrointestinal losses on zinc in long-term PN?
In diarrhea-induced metabolic acidosis, what is the typical anion gap?
The MNA-SF is designed to screen nutritional problems in which population?
How should protein requirements be determined for parenteral nutrition?
Which protein intake is recommended for patients with cirrhosis?
GFR for stage 2 kidney damage with mild low GFR?
Is the use of blue dye in detecting aspiration currently recommended?
Between cranberry juice and water, which has been shown to better irrigate feeding tubes and maintain patency?
Which set of electrolytes is most commonly monitored to detect refeeding syndrome?
Why would concentrated enteral solutions not be recommended for nausea/vomiting?
Which medication is most likely to contribute to hyponatremia in an older adult?
Which electrolyte abnormality may necessitate modification of nutrition support in solid-organ transplant patients taking cyclosporine?
There are no clinically proven points at which tube feeding should be discontinued with adequacy of oral intake; a general guideline is that oral intake should meet at least 66% of nutrient intake. Which statement best reflects this?
Which populations are at risk for manganese toxicity in total parenteral nutrition?
Which phase follows the ebb phase in burn metabolism?
Following initial Medicare certification for parenteral nutrition, after what length of time is recertification required?
BMI Percentiles in Children Are
Manganese brain deposition can occur at what daily intravenous manganese administration level?
Can children with burns covering > 20% TBSA have nutrition support by oral intake?
Anabolism begins during which burn metabolism phase?
In clinical practice, what is the primary purpose of the MNA-SF?
Which of the following is NOT a top priority in initial traumatic resuscitation?
Which beverage is displaced by excessive juice and sugary beverages and is also known to promote bone health?
Which subgroup of HSCT patients did one study suggest parenteral nutrition increases survival?
Decreased serum albumin indicates what?
Which statement best describes the difference between closed and open enteral feeding systems?
Absorption of large polypeptides, oligopeptides, and free amino acids occurs primarily in which part of the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the purpose of the recertification process for parenteral nutrition under Medicare?
Approximately what is the normal length of the small intestine in adults?
What are common symptoms with the introduction of a new or large amount of dietary fiber?
How should home enteral feeding schedules be prepared?
What is the primary benefit of centralizing mixing, reconstitution or dilution of enteral formulas?
Why should patients considered not-at-risk be included in the protocol for refeeding syndrome?
Another research-based method utilized to restore patency to clogged feeding tubes is a mechanical declogging device.
Bacterial contamination is correlated with which factor?
Which data sources contributed to validating the Fenton chart?
Precocious puberty is usually associated with which bone age finding?
In fasting leucine metabolism, what happens to pyruvate and lactate produced by muscle?
Why is the rate-limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase necessary?
Which statement best describes Kwashiorkor?
TBW is distributed among what 3 compartments?
In Waterlow criteria, what does length/age index represent?
Why is flushing the tube with water before and after each medication recommended?
Which feeding schedules may cause fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations, increasing risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
Which vitamin is primarily absorbed in the terminal ileum?
What procedure is essential prior to discharging a patient on home parenteral nutrition therapy?
What does the evidence show about using dietary fiber to reduce diarrhea in tube-fed patients?
Which of the following is not a listed TBW compartment?
Which management is considered inappropriate for hypergranulation around a PEG site?
Which of the following is a sign of EFAD?
Most enteral formulas designed for oral consumption are composed primarily of which macronutrient?
Is it acceptable to crush enteric-coated tablets for tube feeding?
Which combination of strategies can reduce gastrostomy exit-site leakage?
Which type of malnutrition is characterized by hypoglycemia, ketosis, and lipolysis?
Which populations have carnitine deficiency concern?
Which statement best describes the mitochondria's role in energy production?
Which of the following is a component of bile?
What procedure is essential prior to discharging a patient on home parenteral nutrition (HPN)?
Which equation is used to calculate REE and RQ from VO2 and VCO2?
Which type of formula should be used for exclusive enteral nutrition front-line therapy?
Mild hypercalcemia is defined as a total serum calcium of which range?
Which minerals are commonly included in fortification to support bone mineralization in premature infants?
Which statement about GRV measurement practices is true?
Standard term infant formulas contain lactose at what proportion?
Do liquid medications contain lactose?
What preventative education should be emphasized to help prevent hypergranulation?
Would a back-up electrical generator be needed in the home environment for a patient receiving parenteral nutrition?
Which of the following does NOT describe the use of minimum enteral feeds in preterm neonates?
The majority of fat digestion occurs in which part of the digestive tract?
What do 2000 KDOQI guidelines recommend for protein delivery in peritoneal dialysis patients?
What is the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for daily juice intake for children aged 1 to 6 years?
What proportion of cancer patients present with weight loss at the time of diagnosis?
When transitioning a patient from hospital to home parenteral nutrition (HPN) support, which screening criterion should be included?
What is a hallmark of aging-related body composition changes?
In nutritional management of chronic lung disease, which therapy is considered most appropriate?
What adjustment may be necessary in patients with tube feeding syndrome if the body cannot adequately excrete byproducts of protein metabolism?
Who should place an NGT if a patient is being transferred to the OR and requires enteral access?
Powdered formulas reconstituted in advance should be refrigerated after preparation and discarded within 24 hours if not used. What is the maximum room temperature exposure time?
What is required for vitamin B12 absorption?
What vitamin absorption is most likely to be impaired with chronic use of proton pump inhibitor therapy?
Cisapride was withdrawn from the US market in which year?
What combination of signs and symptoms is typical of Wernicke's encephalopathy?
One of the quoted conditions for EN/PN coverage specifies that the impairment must be permanent for a duration of at least how long?
Which of the following is a contributor to frailty?
In which part of the intestine is vitamin B12 absorbed?
During fasting, which statement best describes leucine metabolism in muscle?
Why is iron often not included in PN formulations?
Which child is at greatest risk for iron deficiency anemia?
Why should liquid dosage forms be diluted with water prior to administration through an enteral tube?
What is the most common nutritional deficiency in childhood?
Describe GER.
In children with short stature, bone age is typically which of the following relative to chronological age?
Which statement is NOT a reason to flush water around each medication during enteral administration?
Are home infusion providers responsible for physical therapy?
What test is used to diagnose C. difficile infection?
Which enteral feeding schedule should be recommended for home enteral nutrition?
Fat malabsorption in biliary atresia places deficiency risk in which group of vitamins?
In PN-related metabolic bone disease, which combination is considered a risk factor for patients with inflammatory bowel disease who require long-term PN?
Which trace elements may become elevated in cholestasis in PN patients?
Infantile anorexia is typically associated with trauma.
What is the sodium concentration in lactated Ringer's solution?
Dietary fat is predominantly absorbed in which region of the gastrointestinal tract?
For coverage of HPN under the prosthetic device act, which scenario is typical?
Which symptom is cited as an example of non-specific GI symptoms in relation to soy formulas?
Which physiological condition requires adjustment of selenium supplementation?
What percentage of body weight loss triggers initiation of parenteral nutrition when EN fails in HEG management?
In safe EN guidelines, which statement is correct regarding hang times for formulas used in open systems?
Which vitamin deficiency can cause both anemia and peripheral neuropathy?
Doses as high as what have been advocated to promote positive nitrogen balance in CRRT?
Which factor contributes to higher caloric needs in chronic lung disease due to increased work of breathing?
Which of the following is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency?
In inflammatory bowel disease, when should antidiarrheal agents be used?
Which segment of the small intestine is the primary site for absorption of most nutrients, including water-soluble vitamins?
Where should enteral formulas be prepared to minimize contamination?
In preterm infants, iron supplementation is advised starting in which age range?
In the absence of an advance directive, which guidance best describes surrogate decision making for nutrition and hydration?
HCUP stands for which organization?
Which daily fistula output best defines high-output for PN indication?
When is selenium supplementation recommended in the pediatric PN patient?
What is the purpose of indirect calorimetry in critically ill neonates?
Which patient group is commonly considered to require cysteine provision in PN?
Which two cell types require a constant supply of glucose?
How often does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend screening for iron deficiency anemia?
Which statement about the weighting in the Subjective Global Assessment is true?
For a child with suspected cow's milk protein allergy, what is the initial recommended formula?
Which of the following is NOT an approved VAD for HPN administration?
Which statement best summarizes the current recommendation for initiating enteral feedings in adults and children?
In hemodialysis patients, what does low muscle mass indicate about nutrition and inflammation?
The most predominant clinical change seen with EFAD is?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with delayed bone age?
In standard term formulas, what is the carbohydrate source?
Mucosal atrophy that accompanies bowel rest may result from the absence of which nutrient?
Free glutamine is unstable in parenteral solutions?
Supplementation with which of the following nutrients is routinely restricted during the early stages of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)?
The MNA-SF is used as a screening tool to detect nutritional problems in which population?
Which statement describes the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin?
Excessive feeding volume during enteral nutrition is most likely to cause which symptom?
What is the daily zinc dose for acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months and older, per WHO/UNICEF guidelines?
The catabolic phase occurs after resuscitation and lasts typically for how many days?
What type of medication form is preferred for enteral medication administration?
Which body temperature pattern is typical of the ebb response after burn injury?
How are closed enteral feeding systems packaged, and what is the benefit?
Which statement describes carbohydrate intake in PN for a stable infant?
Which event marks the transition to the catabolic phase?
What is the most abundant substance in the body?
Which statement best describes the evidence for BCAA enriched enteral formulas in hepatic failure?
What effect does tumor lysis syndrome have on serum phosphate?
IVFEs in the US are composed of what?
What is the only site for oxidation of essential amino acids?
Why is cysteine not included in usual amino acid solutions for PN?
What is the recommended dosage of selenium supplementation in term neonates weighing 3-10 kg with normal organ function?
Patient education materials for home enteral and parenteral patients should be written at what grade level?
Which of the following is a benefit of closed enteral feeding systems?
Peristomal infection is best described as infection around the insertion site.
Which medication is LEAST likely to cause diarrhea in a patient receiving enteral nutrition?
Which of the following is a sign of the flow phase after a burn injury?
What is the proposed theory behind using BCAAs in hepatic encephalopathy?
What do current guidelines from AACE/ADA recommend for the glycemic target range in most critically ill adults?
To avoid fasting-associated starvation during the night in cirrhosis, which is recommended?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions for EN and PN to be covered under the Medicare Part B prosthetic device benefit?
Which variable is NOT included in the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation according to the source material?
How do critically ill and postoperative neonates compare to healthy neonates in terms of energy needs?
Name the three short chain fatty acids.
EFAD is usually seen after how long of fat-free PN?
Which tube placement reduces aspiration risk by delivering feeding beyond the stomach?
When should cow's milk be introduced to an infant's diet, and what is the current recommendation regarding milk intake?
What is the electrolyte composition of jejunal fluid?
Is patient harm typically a significant concern in EN?
Under Medicare Part B, EN and PN are primarily covered under which benefit?
Myeloneuropathy is a possible feature of deficiency in which trace element?
Which diagnosis would meet Medicare Part B coverage criteria to qualify a beneficiary for home enteral nutrition?
Which feeding is preferred initially to minimize NEC risk in neonates when medically feasible?
What is the first-line therapy for hyperkalemic emergencies?
Rationale for using preterm formula or fortified human milk includes which statement?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism contributing to malnutrition in Crohn's disease?
What is the typical duration for cyclic enteral feedings per day?
Which statement about valproic acid and carnitine deficiency is true?
Which GI toxicities are commonly observed in the first 2–3 weeks after stem cell transplant that may preclude enteral nutrition?
Which method has been reported as an enzymatic therapy to break down a bezoar?
In the Swinamer equation, what is the purpose of the constant term -4349?
Define marasmus.
Which intervention is recommended to prevent tube occlusion associated with GRV assessment?
Rapid intravenous infusion of potassium phosphate may result in which complication?
Is head trauma a contraindication to early enteral nutrition?
Essential fatty acid deficiency is associated with biliary atresia when which dietary condition is used?
What is the hang time for expressed human milk when used for continuous enteral feedings?
Nephrolithiasis risk factors: which statement is true for patients with short bowel syndrome?
Which phase of fasting involves the brain adapting to using ketones for energy?
What is the impact of pediatric Crohn's disease on growth and nutritional status?
What is the main concern when granulation tissue forms at the PEG exit site?
Bile acids are metabolites of which substance?
Which statement about infectious complications with enteral feedings is true?
Iron is absorbed in what form, and what maintains that form during absorption?
Non-nutritive sucking should be used in the enterally fed neonate less than 32 weeks corrected gestational age to promote which outcome?
Which combination represents modular products used to enhance the nutrient profile of a feeding regimen?
What is the recommended daily protein intake for stable infant parenteral nutrition?
What action should be taken regarding manganese dosing in PN if cholestasis is present?
Is there an established association between gastric residual volumes and aspiration risk?
A patient with ARDS may benefit from a feeding formula containing supplemental:
Which trace mineral deficiency is noted as difficult to assess due to laboratory limitations in certain chronic conditions?
How much energy is often required to meet the needs of the growing neonate?
Which practice is not recommended for maintaining feeding tube patency?
Which is a primary cause of oozing stools in a tube-fed patient?
Why are patients with renal failure at increased risk for aluminum toxicity?
Which process is used to produce energy from fatty acids?
Which is an important indicator of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic liver disease?
Does permanence exclude the possibility of improvement?
What type of water is used to reconstitute enteral formula?
What protein level do recent ICU studies suggest for ICU patients on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)?
What is normally the primary goal in neonatal nutrition?
Is prone positioning recommended in patients with elevated GRVs? Why?
Which of the following is a benefit of closed enteral feeding systems?
According to ASPEN PN Safety Consensus, the best method to express the dextrose content on the PN label?
If liver dysfunction persists after addressing other causes in PN, which supplement may be added if a deficiency exists?
Has the association between gastric residual volume amount and aspiration risk been validated?
Fibrosing colonopathy is associated with which therapy in cystic fibrosis?
Why is it vital for the patient and health care providers to understand the benefits provided by the patient's insurance coverage?
Which of the following is a reason blue dye is no longer recommended for detection of aspiration?
Are teenagers considered high-risk for home parenteral nutrition initiation?
Why was cisapride withdrawn from the US market?
Why do open-system enteral feedings have a shorter hang time?
What is required for formal diagnosis of celiac disease?
Which factor directly drives the decision to initiate PN in fistula patients?
What was the IOM conclusion about the evidence for skeletal vs extraskeletal outcomes?
What is the advantage of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) in fat malabsorption?
How does codeine usually impact GI function?
Which of the following is NOT a selenium status indicator?
Which statement best describes cross-reactivity between cow's milk protein allergy and soy protein allergy in infants?
Once an enteral feeding tube is placed what can be done for medications?
Which patient would most benefit from cyclic tube feeding?
Which of the following is a consequence of decreased glutamine levels?
What is the recommended maximum hang time for closed enteral nutrition formulas after opening?
In terminal patients, intravenous hydration is generally avoided because it can increase the risk of which outcome?
What have studies indicated about increased intake of juices, sodas and sweetened beverages by children?
In a 65-year-old female with GI surgery, pneumonia, and septic shock started on PN, which protein intake is best for initiation?
Insurance coverage for EN and PN typically requires that the therapy is what?
Which of the following is a purpose of cyclic feedings?
The Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale measures which of the following?
Prior to GRV assessment, how much air should be injected into the tube?
Glucose absorption in the intestine involves co-transport with which ion?
How are complications such as the formation of an esophageal or intestinal bezoar with fiber administration avoided?
Which deficiency causes neuropathy but not anemia?
Does Medicare cover professional intervention/monitoring for home parenteral nutrition?
Which statement best describes Wilson's disease?
Which electrolyte disturbance can occur with sorbitol administration?
Are dressings needed for the care of feeding tube sites?
What may result with high dose pancreatic enzyme therapy?
Which statement best describes enteral glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients not in multi-organ failure?
In quality improvement practice, the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle is best described as which of the following?
In terminally ill patients at home on hospice, what is a key rationale for not relying on enteral feeding to ensure comfort?
If PN contains 120 g protein, the nitrogen content is approximately how many grams?
Which flushing strategy is recommended to maintain tube patency during continuous feeding?
Which description defines intermittent feeding?
What is the most common post-procedural complication after PEG tube placement?
How long does the ebb response following burn injury last?
Hydrolyzed protein formulas generally have osmolality that is higher than standard formulas. This statement is:
When does glycogenolysis begin during fasting?
Describe the ebb response following burn injury.
What is ketonemia?
Copper deficiency can present with abnormal EKG patterns.
Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) deficiency is defined as a serum level less than:
Which lab measurement reflects functional or long-term selenium status?
Why is jejunal feeding usually delivered by a continuous pump?
What verification is required when replacing a jejunostomy tube?
Do vitamins compose a large percentage of oral nutrition supplements?
What is the metabolic role of choline?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of copper toxicity?
Treatment for gastric phytobezoars includes all of the following EXCEPT
Which vitamin has been shown to reverse the effects of levodopa?
Which BMI range is considered protective in dialysis patients according to recent practice patterns?
Which of the following is a significant complication associated with GERD?
Which two types of medications have case reports shown an association of decreased effectiveness with the intake of dietary fiber?
When are cyclic feedings typically given?
Glutamine is a vital fuel for rapidly dividing cells, including enterocytes, fibroblasts, reticuloendothelial cells, and malignant cells. Which cell type is explicitly listed as a target of glutamine energy?
Which hormone is a counterregulatory hormone that opposes insulin action?
Which statement best describes absorption of nutrients in human milk versus formulas for preterm or term infants?
Using the Holliday-Segar method, what is the maintenance fluid requirement for an 18 kg child per day?
Which enteral feeding method provides 240 mL via a syringe over 4-10 minutes?
What statement best describes HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome?
Which phase is characterized by increased cardiac output?
Powdered infant formulas pose potential risk for which patient group?
What effect does the ileal brake have on gastric emptying and intestinal transit?
Which of the following are examples of conditionally indispensable amino acids?
Intravascular space is part of which TBW compartment?
Calcium gluconate in hyperkalemia is indicated for which patients?
Which statement best summarizes prevention of hypergranulation around the PEG exit site?
How does octreotide benefit refractory diarrhea?
What is the test of permanence for HEN coverage guidelines under Medicare?
Which of the following populations is NOT listed as a group in which the SGA has been found to predict complications?
Which condition is a known risk factor for aspiration in critically ill patients?
Megestrol acetate exerts its appetite-stimulating effect partly by inducing release of which hypothalamic neuropeptide?
Using the Holliday-Segar method, what is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 60 kg child per day?
Which of the following lists the phases of metabolism after burns?
In fat malabsorption, which lipid source should be used to provide concentrated energy?
Under Holliday-Segar, how many mL/kg/day are allotted for the next 10 kg (from 10 to 20 kg)?
Hyperemesis gravidarum is defined as what?
Why is short-acting insulin (regular) typically used when initiating enteral nutrition?
Which statement is true regarding a refeeding syndrome electrolyte replacement protocol?
What is the osmolality range for hydrolyzed protein and free amino acid–containing infant formulas?
What happens if the diet is void of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid?
The viscosity of an enteral formula depends on the concentration and characteristics of which two components?
Which nutrients are associated with macrocytic anemia?
Is sorbitol an ingredient in enteral formulas?
In infants with galactosemia, which formula is appropriate to use as a milk substitute?
What is the role of soy protein–based formulas in preventing allergy or managing non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms (such as colic and regurgitation) in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of infantile anorexia?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of acute disease-associated malnutrition caused by an acute inflammatory response?
Chronic use of steroids in premature infants has been associated with which condition?
The transition from acute to adaptive phase is which of the following?
Enteral feedings in which setting are more likely to cause social embarrassment?
Which fistula type is associated with the greatest degree of nutritional loss?
Which factor increases fat-soluble drug distribution in obesity?
What is the rationale for withholding feeding in end-of-life nutrition?
How does excess protein intake impact calcium?
Compared with enteral products, oral nutrition supplements generally contain more of which macronutrient to improve palatability?
Which statement about zinc and copper interaction in enteral nutrition is true?
What level of abdominal distention would indicate that holding enteral feedings is appropriate?
Which intestinal segment is a primary site for cholecystokinin and secretin secretion?
What is the consensus daily protein delivery for patients undergoing CRRT?
Which trace element is present in current PN additives at greater than five times the current estimated requirement?
Which of the following statements is true regarding enteral access placement for OR transfer?
Impairment of which excretion pathway would most directly cause copper toxicity?
Which statement regarding aspiration in critically ill children is TRUE?
Low-output fistulas are typically defined as output under how many mL per day?
Which of the following is NOT associated with a delayed bone age in a child with short stature?
How is cysteine added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in terms of form and dosage?
Which of the following is an example of a modular product?
Which GI function tends to be slower to recover after surgery?
In a study of 1023 critically ill patients, which outcomes were significantly greater for those with a serum albumin < 2.6 g/dL?
If the enteral nutrition (EN) trial fails during HEG management, when is parenteral nutrition considered?
Which acute changes in serum chemistries would be expected in a patient who is experiencing tumor lysis syndrome?
Which medications may be used to increase GI motility in patients with increased gastric residual volumes?
During stress states in neonates, insensible losses are reduced. This leads to what effect on energy needs?
What does fluoroscopy require?
Which formula is most likely to cause an occluded feeding tube?
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to occur in an older adult who consumes alcohol regularly?
Is it necessary to have social workers available for reimbursement of home infusion providers?
How often should administration sets for human breast milk be changed?
Is starting parenteral nutrition appropriate for treating mild dehydration due to diarrhea in an infant?
What is the most likely cause of diarrhea leading to mild dehydration in an infant?
Which group may not be ideal for initiation of home PN?
Is there clear indication for increasing the intake of dietary fiber to resolve constipation?
In Waterlow criteria, what is weight-for-length used to assess?
What portion of the small bowel is dietary fat absorbed in?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which a 70% ethanol lock reduces CRBSIs?
When is the ability to suck and swallow fully coordinated?
Under which condition is phosphofructokinase inhibited?
Which lipid source is most appropriate for fat malabsorption to provide energy?
To meet the Medicare payer criteria for home enteral or parenteral nutrition, the patient's condition must be considered to be 'of long and indefinite duration'. Which length of time below meets Medicare's test of permanence?
Which factor can further impact nutritional status in cancer patients?
Has fiber been shown to affect absorption of calcium, zinc, or magnesium significantly?
Medium chain fatty acids are defined as having how many carbons?
What is a form of parenteral nutrition?
Which statement about the teach-back process is accurate?
What is the usual osmolality of standard infant formulas with a caloric density of 20 kcal/oz?
Why is arginine considered an 'immune-enhancing' agent?
What is the incidence of buried bumper syndrome in PEG tube placement?
During the flow phase after a burn injury, which of the following occurs?
After a 48-hour fast, what becomes the brain's primary fuel source?
What is the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended daily maximum juice intake for children aged 7 to 18 years?
Which statement best describes energy expenditure components?
What does research show is the most effective way to improve understanding of discharge teaching while simultaneously addressing health literacy?
How many calories are in 1 mL of 20% IVFE?
In adults, cysteine can be synthesized from methionine via which metabolic pathway?
Which statement about home enteral nutrition planning is NOT recommended?
During the flow phase, the glucagon-to-insulin ratio is typically:
What is the primary purpose of using basal/bolus insulin regimen in enteral nutrition patients?
Why are cations especially Iron dextran destabilizing to TNA?
In a home enteral nutrition patient with new onset diarrhea after pneumonia, what is the first recommended intervention?
Which patients should be given IV calcium gluconate in a hyperkalemic emergency and why?
During the early phase of fasting, which tissues use ketone bodies as fuel to spare glucose for the brain?
Extraskeletal outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular disease have what level of evidence according to the IOM review?
What is the definition of classic phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is the physiological impact of biliary atresia?
What is the osmolality of a 30 kcal/oz concentrated standard infant formula?
Which statement is NOT supported by current pediatric research about Lactobacillus GG?
What is the recommended method for immediate-release tablets via enteral feeding?
Which of the following is true about granulation tissue around a PEG site?
Why must vascular access devices for home PN be placed in the central venous system?
An 87-year-old woman with ileostomy output of 1.5-2.0 liters per day after colectomy; supplementation of which micronutrient should be considered?
The nutritional needs of a patient with a bone marrow transplant are best met with:
Continuous infusion of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients may lower the risk of aspiration by preventing gastric distention.
Why is zinc supplementation recommended in hepatic encephalopathy?
Which statement best describes the normal mechanism for oxalate excretion?
Kwashiorkor is associated with visceral protein wasting causing hypoalbuminemia, with preservation of fat and somatic muscle. Which option best describes it?
Transcellular fluid is one of the compartments of total body water.
In SIAD, which hormones are inhibited or increased to regulate extracellular fluid?
Which method of estimating energy requirements in critically ill children is LEAST accurate when compared to indirect calorimetry?
EFAD can present with which immune-related symptom?
Psyllium is which type of dietary fiber?
In maintenance hemodialysis patients, increased mortality has been associated with which nutritional profile?
The clinical manifestations of copper deficiency can be similar to deficiency of which micronutrient?
Is glucose still used for glycogen synthesis during fasting?
In Mosteller's approach, the calculated BSA is multiplied by which maintenance fluid amount per day?
During the flow phase after burns, which element is excreted at higher rates?
Biliary atresia in infancy is most frequently associated with which condition?
Copper deficiency is associated with decreased ceruloplasmin.
Soluble fiber included in meals with purified pectin slows gastric emptying. Which statement is true?
What may be done to treat excessive hypergranulation tissue?
Which statement correctly describes iron in human milk compared with cow's milk?
To meet calcium intake recommendations, how many 8-ounce glasses of milk per day are suggested for children aged 4 to 8 years?
Which of the following is a component of treatment for infantile anorexia?
Which item is most likely reimbursed by third-party payers for home enteral nutrition?
Which element indicates the formulation type, such as TNA versus dextrose/amino acids and separate IVFE?
Hypervolemia affects serum albumin by
Which option best reflects the current stance on arginine use in severe sepsis?
The intrinsic factor–B12 complex is absorbed in which part of the digestive tract?
Which two medications are prokinetic agents used to increase motility?
Amylase is produced by which gland?
Which components does the Waterlow criteria compare to determine malnutrition?
Which BMI percentile indicates obesity in children?
Why do effects of fiber in the upper intestinal tract differ from those in the colon?
Which statement best reflects recommended protocols to decrease contamination in hospital enteral feedings of human milk for neonates or immunocompromised infants?
Enteral nutrition (EN) may be contraindicated in the early post-transplant period in adult patients with hematopoietic cell transplants because of:
Which statement about aluminum contamination in long-term PN is true?
What is the RDA for calcium in children and adolescents aged 9-18 years?
When starting dietary fiber in enteral feeding, what is a key hydration recommendation?
What is the most appropriate nutrition intervention for a 4-month-old with acute diarrhea?
When can cow's milk be introduced into the diet? Why?
What is the role of bile acids secreted by the liver as well as lipase and colipase produced by the pancreas?
What two nutrients should oral rehydration fluids include?
Which statement about exclusive enteral nutrition is true?
Which of the following methods of estimating energy requirements in critically ill children is LEAST accurate when compared to resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry?
Which other patient group is contraindicated for blind placement of a feeding tube?
Why is iron deficiency anemia screening important in young infants and children?
Why does the dislodged jejunostomy tube need to be replaced immediately?
All of the following are clinical features of SIAD except:
Zinc supplementation should be provided to patients with wounds.
How much formula should be poured into an open administration set?
List the four nutrient disorders frequently associated with cyclosporine use after solid organ transplant.
What legal principle underpins the provision of SNS according to the Cruzan decision?
What is the effect of emulsification and micelle formation on lipid digestion?
Which index includes serum albumin as one of its objective criteria?
What is the zinc dose recommended per day for infants under 6 months with acute diarrhea?
Which resource does the Oley Foundation provide to assist patients and caregivers?
Is antibiotic ointment recommended with feeding tube site care?
Lactobacillus GG has been studied in regard to which property?
Intrinsic factor–B12 complex is taken up by receptors in the
Which electrolyte disturbance is typically seen with loop diuretics?
Which condition warrants monitoring and potential reduction of copper supplementation due to excretion considerations?
What is the impact of both non-fiber and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) containing enteral formulas on stool?
Compared with soy formulas, lactose-free cow's milk formula has galactose content that is
A patient on parenteral nutrition containing glucose develops mental status changes after 3 days. The most likely vitamin deficiency is:
What is the revised recommendation for vitamin D status in infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed?
Which patient type would NOT be ideal for initiation of home parenteral nutrition due to the need for frequent monitoring and clinical assessment?
Standard parenteral amino acid solutions for neonates differ from those for adults by having a higher content of which amino acids?
Which of the following has been shown to reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations?
Should elemental feeding be used in a patient with Clostridium difficile infection?
Which description best defines the Act phase of the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle?
One concern with blue dye for detecting aspiration is its low sensitivity.
A pediatric patient with cerebral palsy and a gastric feeding tube is evaluated for fundoplication. This procedure is used to treat which condition?
Which tube is inserted through the nose to access the stomach?
In a patient with head or neck pathology, how should a nasogastric tube be placed?
When IV fat emulsion (IVFE) is infused separately, what is the maximum recommended duration of the infusion?
What is an alternative method to estimate fluid needs in infants instead of the Holliday-Segar method?
Are midline catheters approved VAD for HPN?
Iron is primarily absorbed in which region of the small intestine?
Which practice supports safe home EN by ensuring patient and caregiver understanding?
Private payers and managed care organization programs determine coverage for home parenteral/enteral nutrition in general?
Which patient group is usually not severely malnourished?
What is the half-life of retinol-binding protein?
Which statement is true regarding ESRD and PN?
Which statement best describes the role of ketone bodies during fasting?
Which practice is recommended to minimize GRV measurement errors?
Which amino acid is most crucial for small intestinal structure and function?
3 factors that can alter urinary urea nitrogen resulting in unreliable results?
Which mechanism contributes to weight gain with megestrol acetate?
What is the maximum hang time for canned, ready-to-use formula?
Which statement best describes lactose content in adult enteral products and medications?
Which statement correctly describes serum albumin as a nutritional biomarker?
Biliary atresia is characterized by what primary change?
In a stable infant, what is the macronutrient breakdown recommended for parenteral nutrition support?
Which statement about nutritional management for cirrhosis with a functioning gut is true?
What does NASPGHAN recommend as first line induction therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease?
Ferritin levels during the acute phase response tend to:
According to CMS, which of the following is an indication for home parenteral nutrition (HPN)?
When should enteral nutrition be initiated in the hemodynamically unstable patient?
Which statement defines continuous feedings?
Match the nutrient to its primary absorption site correctly.
What is the evidence for addition of fiber to tubefed patients?
For children aged 4-8 years, how many eight-ounce glasses of milk per day are recommended to meet calcium intake?
Which tube feeding order best reflects an intermittent schedule?
Which of the following combinations may indicate overfeeding in an adult receiving enteral nutrition?
How should electrolytes be expressed on the PN label?
What may be required with liquid enteral medication administration to minimize tube occlusion and adverse effects?
Which of the following statements about gastric residual volumes (GRV) is true?
In Vitamin D deficient rickets, which statement is true regarding 25(OH) vitamin D levels?
In cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency, what is routinely given with meals to aid digestion?
Why is the significance of GRV controversial?
According to the 2010 HCUP National Inpatient Sample, what percentage of hospitalized patients with a malnutrition diagnosis were over age 65?
For patients accepted by a home care provider, within what timeframe should nutrition screening be completed?
NOT a physical examination factor?
Based on bone health evidence what is the RDA for calcium in children 1-3 years of age?
Define cyclic feeding.
The RDA for vitamin D was determined based on what consideration?
Are teenagers considered high risk for problems when PN is initiated in the home setting?
What method is recommended to calculate energy prescriptions in critically ill and postoperative neonates?
Why does cyclosporine lead to hyperkalemia, and what education should be provided to patients?
Describe the 'teach back' process.
Which of the following compromises the reliability of urinary urea nitrogen to calculate nitrogen balance?
Which trace element’s status is best monitored by whole blood levels that correlate with MRI abnormalities?
Which statement best describes management of diarrhea due to C. difficile after treatment?
Which criterion indicates malabsorption and is part of Medicare HPN eligibility?
What form of vitamin B12 is used in supplements and fortified foods?
Which set of signs indicates dehydration is worsening in infants?
The weight change associated with megestrol acetate is largely due to which components?
How does the presence of glucose in the lumen of the small intestine impact sodium absorption?
Which of the following is a component of the micronutrient assessment in PN patients?
Glycogen is predominantly found in which tissues?
Which statement about monitoring Warfarin therapy during PN transitions is true?
In a pediatric patient with osteopenia and fractures, low calcium, low phosphorus, high alkaline phosphatase, low 25-OH vitamin D, low 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D, and high PTH, the most likely diagnosis is which?
The CMS guidelines are issued by which agency?
Short chain fatty acids are produced by fermentation of which substrate?
Current vitamin D recommendations for infants require a minimum daily intake of how many IU of vitamin D?
Compared with healthy neonates, how do the energy needs of critically ill and postoperative neonates typically compare?
Why are patients with ileostomy at risk for hyponatremia?
Which type of water is recommended for reconstituting enteral formulas and why?
Is physical therapy provided by the home infusion company?
Given a total body water of 48 L, extracellular fluid is approximately what volume?
Are laboratory values a good assessment of micronutrient status?
Why is calcium supplementation recommended in short bowel syndrome?
Older adults, particularly women with reduced olfaction, may have what nutritional concern?
Which statement best describes the goal of aligning home enteral nutrition schedules with mealtime routines?
Which statement is diagnostic of infantile anorexia?
Liver glycogen stores of 100 grams provide approximately how many kilocalories?
The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is part of which larger assessment framework?
What does the Holliday-Segar method estimate?
Which scenario best aligns with Medicare Part B home enteral nutrition eligibility?
Fibrosing colonopathy is a manifestation associated with high-dose pancreatic enzyme therapy. Which option below is a manifestation?
What is the major advantage of ethanol as a lock solution?
Why are enteric coated or film coated tablets not appropriate to be crushed for administration via enteral feeding?
What is the daily potassium maintenance for a preterm infant, term infant or child receiving parenteral nutrition?
Which mechanism explains the metabolic alkalosis observed with chronic diuretic therapy for ascites and edema?
Hyperglycemia in acutely ill and septic patients occurs due to which three mechanisms?
Describe the manganese content of current trace element additives for PN?
In obese patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2, which PN/EN recommendations best reflect the guidelines for calories and protein?
Skin care around a feeding tube site should be accomplished by cleaning with
When do post-procedural complications present with PEG tube placement?
Postpyloric placement of feeding tubes in pregnancy is associated with which of the following?
What can be done for bezoar if they do not respond to treatment?
In stress hyperglycemia, how does gluconeogenesis contribute to hyperglycemia?
Which term is commonly used to describe infants with gastroesophageal reflux who are thriving and have no significant complications?
Low fat mass in dialysis patients most clearly indicates what?
Which vitamin requires bile salts for emulsification and integration into the micelle for intestinal absorption?
Hypokalemia is almost always the result of what?
How should immediate release tablets be administered enterally?
A Crohn's disease patient involving the distal ileum should be monitored for malabsorption of which nutrient?
What typically interferes with fluid intake in older adults?
Why does the body sequester iron into storage forms after injury and infection?
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven components for how PN ingredients should be ordered?
Bone age norms are matched to which factors?
Which two enteral feeding methods are most popular with home enteral nutrition?
In context of enteral tube medication administration, which statement is true?
Which of the following is a consequence of decreased vitamin D binding to VDRs?
Approximately what percent of ingested glucose is polymerized into glycogen?
What is the typical dietary management for chronic PKU?
Which type of insulin should be used when initiating enteral nutrition in a hospitalized diabetic patient?
Which group is explicitly listed as at risk for refeeding syndrome in the context of home PN initiation?
With Medicare guidelines, what is the critical condition required for HPN eligibility?
Do fluid balances need to be even daily?
A fistula producing 260 mL/day falls under which PN indication status according to the material?
Expressed human milk contains which of the following?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a symptom of hyperphosphatemia?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a possible cause of abdominal distention during enteral tube feeding?
HIV-associated lipodystrophy has been strongly associated with which antiretroviral therapy?
What is the RDA for calcium in children aged 4-8 years?
Up to what percentage of enterally fed patients report nausea and/or vomiting?
Which nutrition supplement has been shown to reduce the incidence of involuntary stool leakage?
Which of the following best defines the threshold for vitamin D adequacy based on 25(OH)D levels?
In PKU, why is tyrosine supplementation often included in the diet?
Refeeding syndrome is defined as electrolyte disturbances when attempting to initially feed the undernourished patient. Which electrolytes need to be closely monitored?
Which type of enteral system has higher risk for contamination due to nursing manipulation?
Which combination of conditions increases the risk of zinc deficiency?
Supplemental arginine is considered therapeutic for which of the following?
Choline supplementation is thought to improve which hepatic condition?
Initially, how often should electrolytes be monitored in a patient on home parenteral nutrition support?
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes occurs due to what mechanism?
Which parts of the gut are the primary sites for secretion of cholecystokinin and secretin?
How often should short-term feeding tubes be changed?
During extended fasting, which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for producing energy from fatty acids?
Which statement is accurate regarding celiac disease diagnosis?
Which of the following is listed as an additional factor not considered major, that may increase risk?
Which supplement competes with copper for absorption when given enterally?
Which of the following is not typically considered a modular product component?
What is the average nitrogen content of protein?
Rationale for using preterm formula or fortified human milk for premature infants during the first year
In pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition, what percentage of total calories should be provided as fat to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD)?
Insensible losses are estimated at approximately 10 mL/kg/day. Which of the following values represents this estimate?
For pediatric PN patients, selenium supplementation is typically started after how long on PN?
How often should DEXA be performed in long-term PN patients?
Oleic acid is characterized as?
Why is early delivery of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients extremely challenging in many cases?
Exceeding 7 mmol/hour of phosphate infusion is associated with which risks?
What are the two most common surgical techniques used to treat severe reflux in the United States?
In PN with elevated bilirubin, which statement about trace element management is accurate?
A seven-month-old infant who is fed reconstituted infant formula and complementary foods may be at risk of over-supplementation with which nutrient?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ebb response?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for aspiration in critically ill patients?
In an end-stage liver disease patient with refractory ascites and hyponatremia, which nutrition strategy is most appropriate?
What is the theory behind omega-3 supplementation in cystic fibrosis?
Which patient population cope more effectively with HPN?
What is the recommended intake of selenium for term infants receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition?
What is the best practice when delivering multiple medications via enteral feeding tube?
How many hallmarks of frailty are listed?
What is the maximum recommended duration for peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN), and why is longer use discouraged?
During discharge education for home enteral nutrition, which method best determines whether a patient and/or caregiver understands enteral tube feeding delivery?
The biochemical defect in phenylketonuria (PKU) is a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the para-hydroxylation of phenylalanine to yield which amino acid?
Powdered formulas reconstituted in advance should be refrigerated immediately after reparation and discarded within 24 hours if not used. They should also be exposed to room temperature for no longer than how many hours?
How does acute kidney injury affect serum phosphate levels?
EFAD is associated with which effect on wound healing?
Which statement about cancer-related malnutrition is a criterion for diagnosis?
Which lab finding would differentiate Vitamin D dependent rickets type 2 from vitamin D deficiency rickets?
Which trace element should be monitored in a child with chronic diarrhea?
Length for age is an index of what?
What calcium balance was observed in cyclic PN regarding calcium excretion?
Which statement about medium-chain triglyceride absorption is true?
Zinc deficiency is most commonly associated with which condition?
What is the new evidence for possible adjusting the guideline on waiting for hemodynamic stability, volume resuscitation and mesenteric perfusion prior to starting enteral feeds?
Which grouping of amino acids is given in smaller amounts to neonates compared with adults?
The sodium gradient used for secondary active transport of glucose into intestinal mucosal cells is maintained by which primary transport mechanism?
What is the appropriate education to provide to family members regarding the dying process?
What is the function of enterokinase in digestion?
What is often the primary goal in neonatal nutrition?
Hypergranulation develops under which condition at the PEG exit site?
What is the most likely cause of watery diarrhea and bloating in the enterally fed adult patient?
Which statement about decreased intake during the dying process is true?
Which statement best defines the ethical principle of nonmalfeasance?
Which statement about fat metabolism and aging is correct?
Which feeding approach may promote more steady and predictable blood glucose concentrations in critically ill patients?
What is considered excessive granulation tissue at a PEG site in adults or pediatric patients?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a component of proper discharge for enteral nutrition patients?
To prevent essential fatty acid deficiency in PN, what is the minimum fat emulsion intake (long-chain fatty acids) per day for an adequately fed infant?
Which of the following best describes simple carbohydrates?
For a pancreatic insufficient infant with CF, which feeding is best?
What is the typical hang time for open enteral feeding systems?
What is the etiology of NEC?
Which can decrease the accuracy of an indirect calorimetry study?
Which statement defines intermittent feedings?
Which statement best describes the effect of soluble fiber on HDL cholesterol?
Copper deficiency is associated with which type of anemia?
How is ARDS defined?
Name a relatively common post-procedural complication reported in up to 30% of tubes placed?
When does infant regurgitation resolve and why?
Which form of nutrition therapy is commonly used as first-line induction in pediatric Crohn's disease?
In terminally ill patients, which statement about electrolyte values during dehydration and the use of ANH is supported by evidence?
Is expressed human milk sterile?
What is necessary for infused nutrients prior to indirect calorimetry measurement?
What is the rate of occurrence for peristomal infection when PEG tubes are placed?
How do you calculate the nitrogen content of a PN solution from protein?
How does the labeled aluminum content typically compare to the measured content in PN bags?
In patients with severe acute pancreatitis enteral nutrition has been documented to provide the following benefits over Parenteral nutrition EXCEPT: decreased infection rate, decreased hospital length of stay, decreased pain, decreased mortality
Why is zinc deficiency difficult to assess and detect?
Insensible losses from lungs and skin in a 100 kg afebrile person are approximately how many milliliters per day?
Which statement best describes the SGA's approach to nutrition assessment?
Why are human milk fortifiers added to human milk for preterm infants?
Which statement about the Fenton chart is true regarding its validation data sources?
Can patients be sent home with a temporary catheter for HPN use?
Do all patients with wounds require zinc supplementation?
Is regurgitation rare in infants?
Which nutrient deficiency is described as a risk after gastric bypass surgery and is also one of the classic five deficiencies?
What is SIAD?
Which is commonly required by insurance for EN and PN coverage?
Which statement best describes fat allowance in PN for a stable infant?
Which criterion qualifies a patient for home enteral nutrition (HEN) under Medicare?
What is the recommended practice when administering medications via an enteral tube to minimize risk?
What is the incidence of gastric ulceration with PEG tube placement?
During fasting, which statement about ketone bodies is true?
Which of the following is NOT listed among abnormalities seen with vitamin D deficiency?
What can be done to liquid dosages of medications to prevent tube clogging from the high viscosity?
What percentage range is lactase deficiency reported among African Americans, Native Americans, Asian, and Mediterranean descendants?
Which assessment method evaluates subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting at multiple body sites?
What is the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation?
Define continuous feeding.
Which factor has been associated with an increase in PN prescribing errors?
Why is weight status important in drug dosing of fat soluble drugs?
If extracellular fluid is 16 L and intravascular space is 4 L, what is the interstitial fluid volume?
Brush border oligosaccharidase deficiency leads to diarrhea and bloating after ingestion of sugar due to which primary mechanism?
Which weight loss criterion is listed for HPN eligibility under Medicare?
Refeeding syndrome is characterized by depletion of which electrolytes as a result of aggressively refeeding malnourished patients?
Osteogenesis imperfecta is best described as which of the following?
Which vitamin deficiencies are associated with macrocytic anemia?
Would the diagnosis of partial small bowel obstruction alone qualify a person for HPN under present Medicare guidelines? Why?
Which statement best describes why gastric feedings can be delivered by bolus and intermittent methods?
Which fatty acids are included in the fat AMDR framework?
If over consumption of juice is not necessarily linked to reduced intake of milk and other foods, nutrition guidance should prioritize which approach?
Gastrectomy patients are at risk for deficiency of which vitamin?
What is the role of gluconeogenesis in fasting?
What is the typical hang time range for closed enteral feeding systems?
What is the deficiency in classic PKU? What is the consequence of this deficiency?
Which statement about PEG tube complications is true?
What is the general conclusion about early minimal enteral feeding and NEC risk?
What is the Holliday-Segar maintenance rate per kilogram for the next 10 kg (11–20 kg)?
Which of the following is a contraindication to nasogastric tube feedings?
What is the recommended dietary action upon symptom identification of suspected celiac disease?
In pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, which condition is NOT a contraindication to nasogastric tube feedings?
Is expressed human milk sterile?
Which of the following enzymes initiates the digestive process of carbohydrates in the mouth?
What is the current evidence on hypermagnesemia in PN patients?
What types of significant complications accompany hypermagnesemia in home PN patients?
According to the concept of glucolipotoxicity, glucolipotoxicity requires which conditions?
Which factor after GI surgery may impact absorptive function due to residual disease in the remaining intestine?
What is the typical sodium concentration range for oral rehydration solutions?
Weight for length is an index of what in Waterlow criteria?
How should immediate release tablets be prepared for enteral administration?
What is the unit of body surface area produced by Mosteller's formula?
What have more recent studies on caloric beverages in children suggested?
Which position is associated with increased aspiration risk in critically ill patients?
Which component is commonly used as a modular fat source in enteral nutrition formulas?
Which of the following is NOT among the five data categories to be collected for home care performance and outcome measurement?
What have low plasma choline levels in long term PN patients been associated with?
List the three types of vascular access devices (VADs) approved for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) administration.
Enteral nutrition is recommended initially over parenteral nutrition in pregnancy to avoid several complications. Which of the following is a complication more common with PN that EN helps avoid?
Which type of enteral system has higher contamination risk due to nursing manipulation when adding formula to the bag?
Are branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) recommended in AKI PN?
Which medication form is preferred for enteral administration?
Define meconium.
Which intervention has NOT been proven effective in reducing the risk of aspiration in critically ill patients?
Which of the following is an indication for the use of parenteral nutrition (PN)?
Phosphofructokinase is best described as...
What is the most appropriate feeding strategy for a morbidly obese trauma patient?
Which diet should be recommended for patients with short bowel and colon in continuity?
Which are the two forms of glutamine dipeptides used in PN admixtures?
Why is creatine taken as a dietary supplement?
The RDA for vitamin D is based on which of the following factors?
In patients receiving home parenteral nutrition, affiliation with a national support or educational organization was associated with which outcomes compared with nonaffiliated controls?
Which information helps ensure the formula is received as ordered and not expired or hung past hang time?
Which statement defines cyclic feedings?
What is the evidence for providing parenteral nutrition containing both essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids in AKI?
Which lipid profile was recommended for enteral formulas in ARDS/ALI by the 2009 guidelines?
How should skin care around a feeding tube site be done?
Which GFR range defines stage 2 kidney damage?
The initial protein requirements for a critically ill trauma patient weighing 70 kg are which range?
Which laboratory finding is commonly associated with pediatric celiac disease?
How has psyllium fiber been successfully administered via feeding tubes?
In patients with liver disease, a low protein restriction may be considered for which condition?
Which mediators are inflammatory mediators produced from arachidonic acid metabolism?
During testing for suspected celiac disease, what must be done with gluten in the diet until testing is complete?
Which item is NOT listed as a Medicare justification requirement for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) coverage?
How does the World Health Organization define persistent diarrhea?
What is lipase?
Which nutritional deficiency can be a complication of celiac disease?
Which tube requires immediate replacement if it becomes dislodged?
In tube feeding syndrome, inadequate fluid delivery can lead to which complications?
Which of the following is a cause of nausea and vomiting related to gastric motility in the enterally fed patient?
What does NEC stand for?
How should medications be administered via enteral routes to prevent interactions?
During human breast milk administration, which practice is supported by guidelines?
Which of the following is a Medicare criterion for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) eligibility?
Which sequence correctly describes dietary folate metabolism?
Home infusion providers should have policies that address which of the following?
After 2 weeks of fasting where does most energy come from?
According to WHO/UNICEF, what zinc regimen is recommended for acute diarrhea in children?
In the Swinamer equation, what do T and VT represent?
Skeletal muscle glycogen stores yield about how many kilocalories?
Which statement best reflects the use of specialized nutrition support (SNS) in patients with a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) status?
What is the half-life of prelbumin?
What is the selenium content status of standard infant trace element products?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of iron deficiency anemia?
What is the nutrition therapy for phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Bile acids are secreted from which organ?
What are fluid requirements for healthy adults > 75 years old?
How does the addition of a fat modular affect osmolality?
Which of the following is a responsibility of the home infusion company?
Where are vitamin D receptors (VDR) located in the body?
What are fluid requirements for healthy adults age 55-75?
In the setting of steatorrhea, which statement best describes oxalate absorption?
Which statement is true about home parenteral nutrition (HPN) management?
The normal length of the small intestine can be described as which range?
What is a potential consequence of administering enteral acidic liquid medications?
Which of the following statements is true about energy expenditure estimates in pediatric ICU patients?
The influence of dietary fiber on total oral to anal transit time depends on which factor?
Powdered infant formulas should be used in health care facilities only under which condition?
Why does furosemide contribute to hyponatremia?
What is the recommended hang time for open-system enteral feeding in the hospital?
The MNA-SF was derived from the MNA to achieve what?
How should enteral medications be administered to minimize potential drug interactions?
Which statement best describes aluminum labeling for PN products?
How often should short-term nasogastric tubes be changed?
Which amino acid is completely oxidized for energy within skeletal muscle?
Which dose and duration is recommended for vitamin A supplementation in suspected deficiency?
Fatty acid molecules have an acidic carboxyl group at one end and what feature on the rest of the molecule?
Which chemical should not be present in administration sets for human breast milk?
What is the metabolic function of chromium?
Which of the following could be causes of zinc deficiency?
What is the typical macronutrient breakdown for most oral nutrition supplements?
What was a common practice in the past to detect aspiration of enteral feedings?
What dose and form of cysteine is used for parenteral nutrition in preterm infants to address solubility concerns?
Which protein has the longest half-life among the following plasma proteins?
Which enteral feeding method is most appropriate for a patient with a jejunal feeding tube to minimize tolerance issues?
Which description best captures the teach-back method?
If a patient is being transferred to the OR and requires enteral access who should place the tube?
What is the ileal brake?
Which of the following is true about taurine and tyrosine in neonatal PN compared to adult PN?
Regarding blue dye added to enteral feedings, which statement is correct?
How does vitamin B6 interact with levodopa therapy?
Which four nutrients should be fortified in human milk to meet the needs of rapidly growing premature infants?
What is encouraged regarding dinner table socialization for home enteral nutrition patients?
The Katz ADL is a tool that measures what?
The estimated intravascular space in this example represents approximately what percent of body weight?
What does REE stand for in the context of neonatal nutrition?
A patient with chronic heart failure on high-dose furosemide is started on enteral nutrition for an inability to consume adequate oral nutrition. Despite a slow advancement to goal feeding rate, he suffers from electrolyte imbalance and peripheral neuritis. Deficiency of which vitamin should be suspected?
In the Waterlow criteria, weight for length is evaluated as an index of which form of malnutrition?
Which set of amino acids is given in smaller amounts to neonates compared with adults?
TLS most often occurs after the initiation of which type of therapy?
Which statement best describes the clinical value of bone age in growth assessment?
Which of the following is a characteristic finding in wet beriberi due to thiamin deficiency?
Baseline zinc deficiency risk in older adults is best described as due to what?
What is the effect of ketogenesis rate during starvation when insulin is low?
Which combination best describes factors contributing to lower energy needs in stressed neonates?
How does the addition of a carbohydrate modular affect osmolality?
What carbon chain length necessitates L-carnitine to enter the mitochondria?
Which item is included as part of a complete PN order?
In oral consumption formulas, vitamins are typically which of the following?
In acutely ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), what is the recommended protein intake?
Do gastric residual volumes correlate to increased risk of aspiration?
How often should closed enteral systems be changed?
Alcohol-related thiamine deficiency often presents as which condition?
During diarrheal illness in an infant, what is recommended regarding human milk?
In the stomach, what effect does hydrochloric acid have on proteins?
The Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) is used as a problem identification model for which settings?
Which statement best describes a general guideline for medication administration via enteral tubes?
Zinc is an essential trace mineral necessary for which functions?
During electromagnetic placement for NGT placement, where is the receiver placed?
Which amino acid is the most abundant in the human body?
Why might temporary protein restriction be used in cirrhosis with acute encephalopathy?
EN initiation should be delayed until what 3 things are achieved to reduce the risk of intestinal ischemia?
What may be used other than serum retinol concentration for assessing vitamin A status?
Which factor best describes improved tolerance when using continuous infusion in enteral nutrition?
Which statement describes guidelines to use with expressed human milk continuous feedings to reduce potential contamination?
Which of the following is NOT associated with a delayed bone age in a child with short stature?
During illness and trauma hepatic glucose production may exceed how many grams per day?
Which of the following is NOT a contributor to constipation in enterally fed patients?
Where is Lactobacillus GG normally found in the body?
Which of the following are approved VADs for HPN administration?
Which two patient populations may require thiamin supplementation?
Is soy formula recommended in children who have a cow's milk protein allergy?
Which statement about the gastrostomy tube outer bumper is accurate?
Which clinical scenario would most clearly indicate PN for a fistula?
Early introduction of minimum enteral feeds in preterm infants is associated with which benefits?
Which burn-related phase is signaled by elevated catecholamines and elevated or normal plasma insulin?
Where is enterokinase secreted from?
Do enteral feeding and hydration ensure comfort in the end of life?
What can be done if granulation tissue is excessive?
Which represents the core set of clinical and functional status elements forming the foundation for comprehensive assessment in long-term care facilities certified for Medicare or Medicaid?
What is the advantage of open enteral feeding systems?
What is the recommended storage guideline for powdered formulas after reconstitution when not used?
In fat malabsorption, which enteral component provides a concentrated source of energy?
If powdered formula reconstituted in advance is not used immediately, what are the storage requirements?
Which of the following are reasons enteral feeding might not be chosen in hyperemesis gravidarum?
For term neonates weighing 3 to 10 kg on long-term TPN with normal organ function, what is the recommended daily selenium supplementation?
Which form of glutamine supplementation improves physical compatibility and stability for admixture in PN solutions?
Which statement about hang times is correct?
Is lactose-free cow's milk infant formula recommended in galactosemia?
Where are lactase and maltase located, and what is their primary function in digestion?
Which metabolic alteration is NOT associated with the development of tube feeding syndrome?
Dexamethasone is a potent steroid used to assist with which clinical process in premature infants?
Which of the following factors may affect the measurement of GRV?
How should human breast milk be prepared for patient use?
Where does oxidation of fatty acids for ATP production occur?
FiO2 stands for?
Within how many hours should nutrition screening be performed for all patients admitted to a home care provider?
What is the typical volume status of a patient with SIADH?
Which of the following occurs during the ebb phase regarding body temperature?
Foul-smelling drainage around the tube exit site is a sign of what?
With aging, which combination best describes changes in substrate utilization?
What mechanism explains malabsorption after ileocecal valve resection?
Which scheduling pattern is not a continuous infusion?
What happens to the body during starvation?
Which of the following blood findings can accompany copper deficiency?
Which outputs are considered insensible losses and are estimated at approximately 10 mL/kg/day?
What study design was used to compare affiliated and nonaffiliated PN patients?
Which scenario is NOT a fistula situation in which enteral nutrition may be possible?
Which type of feeding delivery method is most commonly used for patients with a jejunal feeding tube?
Which statement is true regarding the relative acid-suppressing ability of proton pump inhibitors compared with histamine-2 receptor antagonists?
Under what conditions may arginine supplementation be harmful?
In small burns, which route is typically sufficient?
What type of tablets should be crushed for administration via an enteral feeding tube?
Which of the following is a nutrition-related mechanism by which chronic steroid use can contribute to osteopenia?
What happens to BCAA levels in hepatic encephalopathy?
A 13-year-old boy with BMI at the 97th percentile would be classified as:
What is the ideal environment for indirect calorimetry measurement?
The Short-form Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF) was derived from the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in order to:
How does the electromagnetic placement device indicate nasogastric tube placement?
When using REE from indirect calorimetry as caloric target in a critically ill patient, how should energy delivery be adjusted?
Are bowel sounds/evidence of bowel function needed prior to the initiation of enteral nutrition?
Which statement correctly states the vitamin D RDA for children age 1–18 years?
What does weight for length represent in the Waterlow criteria?
What vitamin deficiency is considered a worldwide epidemic?
A 70 kg adult following the 30-40 mL/kg/day guideline would require approximately how many milliliters per day?
What is the relation between liver function and manganese toxicity risk in PN?
What erythrocyte selenium concentration value indicates deficiency?
In an infant with mild dehydration from diarrhea, what is the most likely cause?
What is the purpose of therapeutic intervention during the inflammatory response following a traumatic injury?
Which gas pair is produced by colonic bacteria from remaining oligosaccharides and contributes to bloating?
Which option is NOT recommended for galactosemia?
Which metabolic alteration is NOT associated with tube feeding syndrome?
Gluconeogenesis from amino acids begins within how many hours after the last meal?
During illness and trauma, metabolic changes include increased hepatic glucose production, decreased peripheral glucose utilization, and increased protein breakdown.
Midline catheters are typically used for therapies lasting how long?
Dumping syndrome is most likely to develop after which surgery?
What is the third element of treatment for infantile anorexia?
Which statement best describes bone age testing?
Which two populations may require thiamin supplementation?
Which measurements are considered in the Waterlow criteria?
Which element is essential to identify the patient on an enteral feeding product label?
According to safe EN guidelines, how often should the administration set be changed for open systems?
Upper GI transit is generally slower with which type of fiber?
Loperamide is primarily used to achieve which therapeutic effect?
GFR for stage 3 kidney damage with moderate low GFR?
Which statement would NOT be a Medicare-eligible condition for home EN?
During starvation, which energy source becomes predominant?
Which form of glutamine is used in oral nutrition supplements?
For infants under 6 months with acute diarrhea, what is the recommended daily zinc dose?
Is cisapride useful in patients with high GRVs?
Which sequence correctly lists the four phases of the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle in order?
Which item is included as part of proper discharge components?
Between which days after burn injury does the acute phase peak?
Fat malabsorption in liver disease is caused by what?
Which option is NOT a commonly described complication of persistent diarrhea?
During discharge education, which of the following is the BEST way for a home nutrition support provider to know if a patient and/or caregiver understands enteral tube feeding delivery?
In cirrhosis, what metabolic change supports the use of fat as energy during overnight fasting?
What is a common fallacy about nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients, and what evidence counters it?
What is sarcopenia?
Mobilization of metabolic reserves occurs during which burn metabolic phase?
Handgrip strength is used as an objective measure of functional status because it reflects which attribute?
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids for humans because
Which criterion defines short bowel syndrome in the Medicare HPN criteria?
What type of medications are preferred for enteral administration?
Which statement about EN formula safety is most accurate?
Which set of labs does ASPEN recommend for weekly monitoring until the home PN patient is stable?
Which PN component is typically provided separately in a 2-in-1 regimen?
Which scenario represents the highest risk for iron deficiency anemia among young children?
What are current recommendations for probiotics and prebiotics in IBD?
A morbidly obese 12-year-old female is evaluated for sleep apnea. Her diet includes soda, juice, and chocolate milk daily. In which mineral may she be deficient?
Which of the following is not a common change in body composition of healthy older adults?
How does fluoride intake during development relate to the prevalence of enamel fluorosis?
Who is the Holliday-Segar method not suitable for?
The use of Lactobacillus GG in pediatric practice has been found to be most effective in which outcome?
Which statement about aluminum toxicity risk factors is true?
What are fluid requirements for healthy adults age 18-55?
What is the AAP recommendation for infants at 4-8 weeks who are not receiving human milk?
What is an optimal method of preparing and administering medications via an enteral feeding tube?
Who should place a feeding tube in a patient with head or neck pathology?
Redistribution of polyvalent cations such as zinc and iron occurs during which burn metabolic phase?
Enteral glutamine content is difficult to determine because?
Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors beyond what duration may lead to a fall in circulating vitamin B12 levels?
What is the recommended intake of selenium for term infants receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition?
A patient awaiting liver transplant is on diuretics to control ascites and peripheral edema. Which acid-base disorder is expected?
What percentage of kcals should come from carbohydrates in infant parenteral nutrition for a stable patient?
Which statement best describes the relationship between energy intake and wound healing in pediatric burn patients?
For neurologically impaired children with severe GERD, medical therapy should be tried before anti-reflux surgery?
What is the function of glucokinase?
What is the primary purpose of the teach-back process?
What is the main concern when granulation tissue forms at a PEG site?
Which of the following is a sign of iron deficiency anemia?
How do zinc levels typically change in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
How is puberty generally affected by celiac disease?
Which data element is a key indicator of quality in home care nutrition support?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a common gastrointestinal toxicity in the first 2-3 weeks after stem cell transplant?
Precocious puberty is defined as puberty beginning before what ages in girls and boys, respectively?
What is the typical energy intake when indirect calorimetry is not available?
Which of the following is a feature of the ebb response?
What is valproic acid?
B12 is released from dietary proteins by which gastric factors?
Ileocecal valve resection can lead to malabsorption due to which mechanism?
Which of the following is a physiologic advantage of retaining the ileocecal valve and colon?
Which statement is NOT an extraskeletal outcome considered in the 2010 IOM calcium and vitamin D assessment?
The BSA method for calculating fluid needs is based on the assumption that caloric expenditure is proportional to which parameter?
Albumin and prealbumin are what type of acute phase proteins?
Which of the following is NOT among the six nutrients whose absorption may be affected by regular alcohol intake?
Which statement about nutrient infusion stability prior to indirect calorimetry is true?
What is one of the most common causes of hyponatremia?
Very long chain fatty acids are defined as having how many carbons?
Persistent hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes can result in which metabolic condition?
What was found to be superior to cranberry juice as an irrigant to maintain feeding tube patency in several clinical trials?
Where is the receiver placed when using an electromagnetic NGT placement device?
Which two amino acids are higher in standard parenteral amino acid solutions for neonates than those from standard adult parenteral amino acids?
Why might laboratory values not reliably reflect micronutrient status in PN patients?
Short-term feeding tubes have a recommended change interval described as which of the following?
Which factor is a major risk factor related to gastric content?
Which of the following is NOT among the five data categories to be collected in home care performance and outcome measurement for nutrition support?
Bile salts are salts of which substances?
Which of the following is NOT a documented disadvantage of high protein delivery in CRRT?
In a healthy 70 kg man, glycogen stores can sustain normal activities for approximately how long?
Which factor is a major risk factor for aspiration in critically ill patients?
Which statement about lab monitoring frequency is correct for home PN?
According to AAP guidelines, how many ounces of 100% juice per day are appropriate for children aged 7-18 years?
What must be documented to qualify a patient for HPN under Medicare guidelines?
Which amino acid is considered conditionally essential and serves as a major energy source for intestinal cells?
In electromagnetic placement for NGT placement, is pH monitoring used to confirm placement?
Bone age is evaluated by radiography of which bones using norms for different ages and sexes?
Which statement about guidelines for pancreatitis nutrition is true?
What does FIM stand for in rehabilitation settings?
What percent of body weight is water approximately?
Which combination increases aspiration risk in critically ill children?
Which statement best describes how macronutrient concentration affects viscosity of an enteral formula?
What should be done every time a nutrient is omitted or added to standard micronutrient recommendations?
Which statement about home infusion roles is correct?
Reason small-bowel feeding may deliver more calories is because...
Why is B12 deficiency a concern after gastrectomy?
Which of the following is a short-chain fatty acid by carbon number?
Which statement describes the five components of a micronutrient assessment in PN patients?
Which enzyme deficiency is commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
What is the hang time for closed system enteral feeding, and how does it compare to open feeding systems?
What is a phytobezoar?
Which statement best summarizes safety guidelines for using powdered infant formula in healthcare facilities?
Which action is an appropriate management step for exit-site hypergranulation when indicated?
What is the primary rationale for using a 70% ethanol lock solution?
What happens to terminal glucose oxidation during fasting?
Carnitine is best described as which?
Bile pigments are responsible for which property of bile?
What is the current understanding of omega-3 fatty acids in ARDS and ALI based on the available studies?
Which metabolic alteration is noted during the ebb response following burn injury in a pediatric patient?
What is the protein requirement for a stable patient receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD)?
Why is the incidence of aspiration directly caused by enteral nutrition difficult to determine?
Which set contains only items that are modular products?
What is galactosemia?
Prolonged nasogastric suction results in loss of gastrointestinal secretions primarily from which portion of the GI tract?
Do adult enteral products contain lactose?
What is the recommended water flush volume between medications via enteral tube?
The ideal sodium concentration for oral rehydration solutions depends on which factor?
In preterm formulas, what is the carbohydrate composition?
Which dietary component is restricted in the typical PKU management plan?
Why is timing of fiber and medications important?
In the PN case, which lab value indicates malnutrition risk?
The Fenton growth chart is designed to track growth over which age range?
There is currently no clear evidence to support that soluble fiber lowers the risk of developing colon cancer or reducing recurrence.
Which sources were used to validate the Fenton growth chart?
Which foods should be avoided in galactosemia?
Which statement best describes a key role of thiamine in metabolism?
Which is NOT part of proper discharge components for enteral nutrition patients?
Which option lists the correct potassium concentration range for jejunal fluid?
Two categories of parameters the SGA uses to evaluate nutritional status?
When do breastfed infants require an iron supplement?
What is the rationale for starting iron supplementation in exclusively breastfed infants by 4-6 months?
Which feeding order best reflects an intermittent schedule?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the flow response after burns?
During illness and trauma, which combination of hormones is increased?
Define tube feeding syndrome.
What is the general length for cyclic feedings per day?
At what calcium-phosphorus product does metastatic calcification occur?
During diarrheal illness in an infant, what is the best approach to nutrition?
Which statement best describes the relationship between renal function and aluminum toxicity risk?
Under Medicare, which statement about Part B home enteral nutrition coverage is true?
In HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, which fat distribution pattern is most characteristic?
What form of carbohydrate should be avoided in short bowel syndrome? Why?
NOT a common reason for decreased food intake in older adults?
What is the purpose of EN formula label requirements?
How long does the stress phase usually last?
What is the current recommended protein intake for stressed trauma patients?
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs primarily in which section?
What does current evidence suggest about BCAA enriched enteral formulas in hepatic failure?
In pediatric Crohn's disease, which of the following is a negative effect of corticosteroids?
Which medication has shown to be most successful in suppressing gastric hypersecretions after significant small bowel resection?
What part of Medicare covers home enteral nutrition?
Hyponatremia associated with loop diuretic use in older adults is typically:
Which pattern of iron labs is typical in the acute phase response?
Copper toxicity is most likely to occur when which process is impaired?
Which of the following is a sign of the ebb response after a burn injury?
Which statement best reflects the primary goal of discharge education for home enteral nutrition?
In the study, affiliated patients were connected with which type of organization?
In patients treated with levodopa, how should vitamin B6 intake be managed?
Why is immediate replacement of a jejunostomy tube important?
Calcification occurs when the product of calcium and phosphorus exceeds which value?
For the PN order described as 2400 mL with 300 grams dextrose and 90 grams protein plus 225 mL of 20% IVFE, what is the total caloric content, protein, fat, and final volume?
What is the MOST practical approach for managing micronutrients in long-term PN patients?
Which of the following is a reason why critically ill and postoperative neonates have lower energy needs?
Compared with centers without an EN feeding protocol, centers with a formal EN protocol typically have which outcome?
Which scenario would most appropriately use cyclic feeding?
In older adults receiving cyclic parenteral nutrition, which metabolic change is most likely compared to middle-aged adults?
What stool output threshold should prompt evaluation and intervention for diarrhea in IBD?
What can the dietitian recommend in the event the patient cannot afford the cost of their enteral formula?
Describe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.
Which statement is true regarding maintaining sterility when using human milk for neonatal enteral feeding?
What is the primary fuel for colonocytes?
Regurgitation in neonates is related to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
At what gestational age is the ability to suck and swallow fully coordinated?
What happens to glucose oxidation with age during cyclic PN?
Glycogen is mainly stored in which tissues?
Which statement accurately describes the handling of cysteine in PN formulations due to its chemical properties?
True or False: Growth can occur in postoperative neonates while the stress response is still active.
Why is zinc deficiency commonly associated with diarrhea?
Do electromagnetic nasogastric placement devices monitor gastric pH?
How was the 2010 IOM recommendation developed?
Why is cysteine non-essential in adults?
Which statement is NOT true regarding EFAD in CF?
Is cysteine a component of standard parenteral amino acid solutions? Why?
Which statement is true regarding effects of fiber-supplemented diets on altered bowel elimination?
A patient with oral cancer on home bolus enteral feedings via gastrostomy tube reports abdominal pain and pressure inside the stomach, with no exterior site changes. What is the most appropriate next step?
Why has valproic acid been shown to induce carnitine deficiency?
What head-of-bed elevation is recommended to minimize aspiration risk in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition?
Why is iron supplementation routinely restricted during the early stages of HSCT?
Fiber in the lower GI tract tends to hasten GI transit due to which mechanisms?
For fatty acids longer than 10 carbon atoms, what is required for their digestion and absorption?
Which of the following is a possible complication of dietary fiber-containing enteral formulas?
What is the risk of feeding a patient before hemodynamic stability has been achieved?
Fibrosing colonopathy is a complication associated with which therapy?
Ileal resection can impair fat digestion due to a change in which pool?
What is the preferred way to prevent feeding tube occlusion?
Is carnitine deficiency a common concern?
How does psyllium impact IBS?
What is the Holliday-Segar maintenance rate per kilogram for the first 10 kg?
Which deficiency can cause skin rashes, hair loss, and loss of taste?
Which three nutrients have studies shown to reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations?
The recommendation to administer 2-4 mg/kg/day of iron during the period from 4-8 weeks to 12-15 months is based on which growth phase?
How does the addition of a fat modular to increase caloric density affect osmolarity?
Is enteral formula covered under Medicare Part B?
An NPO postoperative patient on 2-in-1 PN for three weeks develops dermatitis, hair loss, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. What is the probable cause?
How much formula should be poured into an open administration set?
Which statement best reflects how quality of life relates to stability in personal life for HPN patients?
What energy-containing product is formed by anaerobic fermentation in the colon?
What is the primary purpose of education, training and evaluation of patient/caregiver competency in a quality teaching program?
Glucose and galactose gain access to enterocytes via which transporter?
In adults, promotility agents should be considered under which circumstance?
What type of fat is contained in standard infant formulas?
Which of the following is NOT among the six possible causes of constipation with enteral nutrition?
Which statement about powdered formulas is correct regarding reconstitution and storage?
How should human breast milk be prepared for patient use?
Fibrosing colonopathy is a potential adverse effect of which therapy in cystic fibrosis?
In phenylketonuria, tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid due to deficiency in which enzyme?
For Medicare coverage, how long must HPN therapy be required to qualify?
Which statement accurately describes the linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid content in soybean oil-based IVFE?
For suspected cow's milk protein allergy, why is trial use of hydrolyzed or free amino acid containing formula recommended instead of soy-based formula?
What is the preferred approach for subcutaneous insulin administration in hospitalized adults with diabetes mellitus?
A 68-year-old woman with cirrhosis receiving enteral nutrition due to recent gastrointestinal surgery and worsening hepatic encephalopathy. Which of the following should be tried first?
Contamination of expressed human milk can occur during which stages?
Which statement best describes continuous feedings?
What is the preferred method of feeding to the small bowel?
What does evidence demonstrate about adaptation to prescribed home enteral nutrition regimens?
What outcome may result from chromium deficiency?
What measurement defines excessive hypergranulation?
Severe diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile toxin is most commonly associated with which acid-base disorder?
Lipase function statement: which is true?
When using indirect calorimetry, what is the primary goal of determining energy provision?
Which statement about syringe size and feeding tube patency is correct?
Which statement best describes transitional infant formulas for premature babies?
Stage 5 kidney failure is defined by a GFR value less than what threshold (mL/min/1.73 m2)?
How is folic acid absorbed in the small intestine?
Which statement best describes the appropriate use of powdered infant formula in healthcare facilities?
Is patient harm typically a concern in EN administration?
Why should D-lactic acidosis be suspected in a patient with short bowel syndrome who has an intact colon?
During the flow phase, which element groups are excreted at higher rates in urine?
The maximum time an open system enteral feeding formulation container should be used in the home setting is:
In hepatic encephalopathy, which balance do BCAA enriched formulas aim to correct?
Are dressings necessary for feeding tube site care?
Medicare reimbursement for home and community-based professional nutrition educational services provided by a registered dietitian is restricted to patients who:
Describe intermittent feeding.
In a morbidly obese 12-year-old who drinks soda, juice, and chocolate milk daily, in which mineral may she be deficient?
Is supplemental home parenteral nutrition (HPN) typically covered at home by Medicare?
Is there a reimbursement structure for compensation of phone consultations in the United States?
Why should zinc interpretation be cautious in hypoalbuminemia?
Is lactose intolerance a common cause of watery diarrhea in adults receiving enteral nutrition?
Which statement about bone density monitoring in long-term PN is correct?
Copper deficiency can present with which of the following neurological findings?
Lipase and colipase are produced in which organ?
What is the hang time range for closed-system enteral feeding containers?
Which imaging method is required to verify a jejunostomy tube replacement?
How does ulceration of the gastric mucosa occur with PEG placement, and what is its prevalence?
What is an abnormal tricep skinfold thickness?
Which factor contributes to abdominal distention due to gas, specifically excess air in the stomach or intestines?
Describe continuous feeding.
Which of the following is NOT a listed benefit of a standardized interdisciplinary EN feeding protocol?
Which combination of elements is used in the subjective global assessment to evaluate nutritional status?
Which strategy is a common cause for feeding tube occlusion?
In the home PN setting, which item is required for safety and ongoing care as part of patient evaluation?
In comparison to parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition in severe pancreatitis is associated with which outcome?
Elevated C-reactive protein indicates?
Which of the following data is NOT listed as part of the performance improvement plan data for home care providers of nutrition support?
How does insoluble fiber impact gastric emptying?
Which statement best describes the effect of concentrated enteral formulas on nausea due to delayed gastric emptying?
Under Holliday-Segar, how many mL/kg/day are allotted for each additional kilogram above 50 kg?
Should small syringes be used for feeding tube flushes? Why?
When initiating and advancing enteral feedings in the hospitalized patient, which option is most appropriate?
Which of the following is most likely to be observed first in a non-diabetic older adult who is overfed?
Is PN indicated for a fistula with daily output of 600 mL?
Which clinical sign is a direct indicator of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic liver disease?
There is a correlation between prolonged hang-time and bacterial contamination. Which option states this correctly?
Why is a concentrated enteral formula recommended for nutritional management of chronic lung disease?
Which statement best defines the ethical principle of beneficence?
How does the colon salvage calories?
Why is the hang time shorter for open system enteral feedings?
What type of formula is recommended for exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn's disease?
How many grams of glycogen are stored in the liver?
Discharge instructions should contain guidance on which product handling item?
Under Medicare, the two criteria for home enteral nutrition are:
The MNA was developed and validated in which population?
Which unintentional weight loss threshold is listed among frailty hallmarks?
Early enteral feeding in critically ill patients has been suggested to reduce which of the following outcomes?
In PN patients with cholestasis, how should manganese be adjusted?
For which population is fortification of human milk especially necessary?
Tubefeeding syndrome is defined by which combination of findings?
Early initiation of enteral feeding has been suggested to benefit ICU patients by reducing infectious complications, length of hospital stay and possibly reducing mortality. Which group of patients might be at significant risk from early enteral feeding?
Describe cyclic feeding.
Which pharmacologic approach is included in ASPEN/SCCM guidelines to reduce aspiration risk in critically ill patients?
A previously well-nourished patient with fever is admitted to the hospital. His laboratory tests reveal albumin 2.1 g/dL, C-reactive protein 30 mg/L, serum calcium 7.2 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the hypoalbuminemia?
In CLD infants, what is the recommended formula type and why?
What percent decrease in average energy needs is observed per decade in adults?
In mild dehydration due to viral gastroenteritis, which statement is true?
Which test is not used to assess vitamin A status?
High-output fistula is defined as an output exceeding how many milliliters per day?
The use of enteral nutrition formulas enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is best used for patients with which condition?
In preterm formulas, what makes up the remainder of carbohydrate calories besides lactose?
What is the maximum hang time for an open-system enteral feeding formulation in the home setting?
What is the Mosteller formula for calculating body surface area (BSA)?
What was the Waterlow criteria developed to determine?
Which of the following could be a consequence of increased parathyroid hormone secretion due to vitamin D deficiency?
Severe hypercalcemia is treated with which regimen?
What is the estimated mean US reading level?
What is the optimal sodium concentration of an oral rehydration solution for patients with short bowel syndrome?
When should parenteral iron be considered for PN patients?
Which condition is a cause of nausea and vomiting in the enterally fed patient due to gastric outlet obstruction caused by feeding tube migration?
Can serum zinc be used to diagnose zinc deficiency? Why?
Which form of glutamine supplementation is most beneficial?
What GI symptom may result from fluid restriction, physical inactivity and narcotic usage?
What is a strong contributor to stress in the specialized nutrition support patient that is not medical/health related?
How often does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend screening for iron deficiency anemia?
What reading grade level is recommended for patient education materials?
A serum 25(OH)D level of 25 ng/mL corresponds to which vitamin D status category?
In early post transplant nutrition, when might parenteral nutrition be favored over enteral nutrition?
Which statement about cyclosporine-associated metabolic disturbances is most accurate?
In this body fluid model, what is the intravascular space volume?
A physical requirement for the use of proton pump inhibitors is the presence of at least how many centimeters of jejunum to ensure absorption?
In biliary atresia, what is the consequence of reduced intraluminal bile acids?
Is medical therapy for severe GERD in neurologically impaired children highly effective?
What happens to dietary fiber that is not degraded or fermented in the colon?
Which electrolyte disturbance is expected with prolonged nasogastric output?
Is there a clear indication that existing constipation can be effectively resolved by increasing the intake of dietary fiber?
What percentage of amino acids extracted by the liver are used for protein synthesis and oxidation?
Should medications be mixed directly into the enteral formula for administration?
Which statement about hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular disease is accurate?
What is the aluminum labeling requirement for PN products?
Which form of PN is typically administered via a peripheral vein?
What degree of head-of-bed elevation is recommended to reduce aspiration risk in critically ill patients?
What is the final digestive process for nucleosides?
Which of the following is FALSE regarding regurgitation in infants?
What factors determine the viscosity of an enteral formula?
Which clinical factors can prompt adjustment of Holliday-Segar fluid rates?
How is essential fatty acid status usually evaluated?
In PN-associated metabolic bone disease, which statement is true regarding screening recommendations for patients on PN longer than 1 year?
What is the current status of evidence for carnitine in preventing PN-associated cholestasis in adults?
Why must vascular access devices (VADs) for home parenteral nutrition be placed in the central venous system?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of reflux in children receiving enteral nutrition?
For adolescents, how many eight-ounce glasses of milk or equivalent are recommended daily?
Which two roles of selenium are described for infants?
A patient with oral cancer on home bolus enteral feedings via gastrostomy tube develops stomach pain after starting feeding; choose best management:
Who should perform the first replacement of gastrostomy and PEG tubes? What about subsequent replacements?
Which statement describes the carbohydrate content difference between enteral products designed for oral use and oral supplements?
Would prone position be recommended in a patient with elevated GRVs?
Regurgitation in children usually resolves around which age range due to maturation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
What amount of intravenous fat emulsion (IVFE) in grams per kilogram per day should be provided to prevent EFAD in pediatric patients on parenteral nutrition?
Upon initiation of home parenteral nutrition (HPN), laboratory data should be obtained within:
In the large multicenter study, which cancers had the lowest prevalence of weight loss at diagnosis?
What is the most common complication following gastrostomy placement?
After approximately 2 days of starvation, what metabolic adaptation occurs?
Constipation in the enterally fed patient is most often associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
Why was the MNA-SF developed?
Which option describes the feeding regimen that most effectively stabilizes blood glucose in critically ill patients?
Once enteral nutrition administration is stable what type of insulin regimen should be used?
Which water-soluble vitamins do not require Na+ co-transporters for absorption?
A 50 year-old male weighing 80 kg has an estimated intravascular space of about how many liters?
Why might small bowel feeding increase the amount of feeding delivered in postoperative patients with high GRVs?
Which statement about C-reactive protein is true?
Zinc's role in wound healing includes which of the following?
In terminally ill patients, what is a key consideration regarding enteral feeding?
In comparing nutrition status, which statement reflects the difference between compensated viral diseases and alcoholic liver disease?
Which statement about essential fatty acids and CF status testing is accurate?
How does volume depletion influence the risk of nephrolithiasis due to calcium oxalate stones?
In a patient receiving a continuous isotonic enteral formula who develops bloating and mild abdominal distention, what is the best initial strategy to reduce these symptoms?
In a pediatric case with low calcium and phosphorus, high alkaline phosphatase and high parathyroid hormone, along with low 25-OH vitamin D and low 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, which diagnosis is most likely?
Zinc deficiency is very common in liver disease; supplementation with oral zinc is associated with improvement in what?
Which of the following is a known risk factor for aspiration in critically ill patients?
Skeletal muscle glycogen stores are approximately how many grams?
Which statement best describes how the Waterlow criteria differ from simple weight-for-age assessments?
Where are B12 and bile salts absorbed?
The Prognostic Nutrition Index stands for which term?
Is there a need for routine cultures in the uncomplicated enterally fed patient?
A 32-year-old female presents to the clinic seeking treatment for a sunburn-like rash. She also reports that she feels very sad and has no energy. Which deficiency should be considered?
Affiliation with a national support or educational organization was associated with which outcome in HPN patients?
Which combination represents modular products used to enhance the nutrient profile of a feeding regimen?
How much formula is provided in a ready to feed bag?
In IBS, what do studies show about the effect of wheat bran?
Which amino acids are considered essential for neonates due to enzyme immaturity?
Regarding fiber in abdominal distention, which statement is true?
Which statement best describes carnitine's role in fatty acid metabolism?
The incidence of aspiration due to enteral nutrition in critically ill children is difficult to determine because:
What fraction of total body water is extracellular fluid?
Beyond head/neck pathology or patients going to the OR, which group should not have blindly placed NGT?
Are powdered infant formulas sterile?
Hang time for human breast milk in enteral nutrition guidelines is best described as:
Which nutrition support increases metabolic demand for thiamin?
What is the macronutrient breakdown of most oral enteral products?
What is the range of centrally infused protein losses into CRRT effluent?
How does preterm human milk compare to full-term human milk in terms of protein concentration?
Where is the primary site of absorption for most nutrients, including water-soluble vitamins?
Insurance coverage for home parenteral and enteral nutrition varies by type of program and by plan. Which statement best reflects typical coverage?
Are there definite guidelines on when to begin diarrhea treatment in IBD?
Do nutrition interventions improve outcomes in frailty?
What is the recommended daily energy intake (kcal/kg) for patients over 60 receiving dialysis?
Which statement describes continuous feeding?
In the home PN environment, what is the role of a back-up battery-powered infusion pump?
Lactic acidosis can be a result of deficiency of which vitamin?
Describe the difference between prolonged fasting/starvation versus cachexia in children with cancer.
What is a known electrolyte side effect of trimethoprin use?
Sarcopenia is most commonly seen in which population?
Which is NOT a recommended approach to reduce gastrostomy exit-site leakage?
Which agent is commonly used for cauterization of excessive granulation tissue around a PEG site?
Which of the following has been reported to be a significant independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients?
Which nutrient is typically a very small percentage of the total formula in enteral products?
Which of the following best describes the use of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) in terminally ill patients?
When implementing early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients, which factor is most likely to increase success in moving toward the target feeding rate?
Which statement about the IOM's stance on calcium and vitamin D's effect on skeletal health is correct?
Which statement best describes the current evidence-based recommendation for Lactobacillus GG use in children?
Which mechanism can cause diarrhea in patients on enteral nutrition due to drugs?
In the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, which phase involves implementing the process improvement?
Does parenteral nutrition solution require refrigeration?
What is the physiological function of chromium?
What is the most common symptom when feeding or fluids are withheld?
Which statement about fat in preterm formulas is true?
Low plasma choline levels in long-term PN patients have been associated with which liver-related change?
What is the recommended approach to cleaning around a feeding tube site during routine care?
Which of the following is a sign of moderate dehydration in infants?
Which of the following is an advantage of the 'teach back' process?
Why are NGT feedings not contraindicated in CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency?
Which statement is NOT appropriate to tell a family regarding nutrition at the end of life?
The etiology of PN-associated bone disease is best described as?
Should fresh formula be added to already hanging formula?
What does the evidence show is the preferred mode for feeding in eating disorders?
Which statement about fundoplication procedures is true?
Is adding fresh formula to a formula that is already hanging in an administration set recommended?
Which strategy is most effective in moving critically ill patients toward the target enteral feeding rate?
Which oils are included in commercial enteral formulas to provide a high supply of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids?
Which statement best reflects patient education to prevent hypergranulation?
Why would nasogastric tube feedings not be contraindicated in cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency?
Using the Waterlow criteria, weight-for-length is an index of which type of wasting?
In children with high juice, soda, and sweetened beverage intake, which minerals are at risk for deficiency due to displacement of bone-promoting beverages?
Ileal resection increases diarrhea risk primarily due to loss of what?
Symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, and flatulence after consuming sugar are caused by which of the following?
Why is withholding enteral feeds for prolonged periods of time a main strategy for reducing NEC risk?
Describe electromagnetic placement device for NGT placement.
Which screening option is better for communities with historically low incidence of anemia and generally good infant dietary practices?
Which of the following is a treatment option for lactose intolerance?
How does the Subjective Global Assessment determine malnutrition?
How many elements are included in discharge instructions for home enteral nutrition?
According to the ASPEN PN safety rules, which item on the inpatient PN label is NOT mandatory?
What is the most common reason for gastrointestinal toxicity in the first 2-3 weeks after stem cell transplant?
In an infant with complete ileal resection with preservation of the ileocecal valve, what is the primary nutrition-related concern?
Which scenario would most clearly meet Medicare criteria for HEN?
What is the primary purpose of the AMDR?
Which is the most appropriate indicator of malnutrition?
Which statement is NOT a benefit of non-nutritive sucking in the enterally fed neonate?
Ketonemia is defined as which of the following?
In a preterm infant, which amino acid is separately added to parenteral nutrition solutions due to solubility concerns?
How is aluminum toxicity best avoided?
Does indirect calorimetry measure heat released from the subject?
Chronic use of steroids in premature infants has been associated with which condition?
What are the main causes of fatigue in caregivers of enteral nutrition patients?
Mosteller's formula is commonly used to calculate which physiologic measurement?
Who should perform the first replacement of a gastrostomy or PEG tube, and who may perform subsequent replacements?
Enteral intact protein formulations may coagulate with contact with which condition?
Which mineral is bound by the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells?
What percentage of total calories as fat is considered sufficient to prevent EFAD?
Which organization conducted the 2010 calcium and vitamin D review?
RNA and DNA are hydrolyzed to form mononucleotides during the digestion of which biomolecule?
Hypoglycemia requiring dextrose is most likely in which liver disease?
When should octreotide be used in short bowel syndrome and why?
Valproic acid has been shown to induce a deficiency in which nutrient?
Which 3 amino acids are actually given in smaller amounts to neonates compared to adults?
Which enteral feeding schedule should be recommended to patients and their families when preparing for home enteral nutrition?
Total body water in an 80 kg adult with a TBW fraction of 0.6 is approximately how many liters?
Which therapy has NASPGHAN recommended as first-line induction therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease and has shown remission in up to 85% of cases?
In a patient on long-term home enteral nutrition who develops nausea, what is the most likely cause?
Which practice is most likely to worsen nausea related to delayed gastric emptying?
What is the range for sodium concentrations of homemade or commercial oral rehydration solutions?
Why might vitamin D deficiency contribute to hyperlipidemia?
In a malnourished patient with aspiration risk whose gut is functional, which nutrition support is preferred?
In the referral process to a home infusion company for parenteral and enteral therapy, which item is NOT included?
During an inflammatory response, serum albumin and prealbumin typically do what?
Which enteral formula type is associated with lower cost and better tolerance in exclusive enteral nutrition?
Weight history is part of which SGA category?
Are there reliable indicators of chromium deficiency?
Which is a common symptom of celiac disease in childhood?
In which older adult population is toxicity with fat-soluble drugs most likely?
Which predictive equation is shown to be the most accurate?
Continued nasogastric output results in loss of gastric secretions; what is the most common electrolyte abnormality?
How should manganese be adjusted in PN patients with hepatobiliary disease such as cholestasis?
What is the upper limit for pancreatic enzyme usage?
What is the usual clinical presentation for buried bumper syndrome?
Should you change to an elemental formula in patients with C. difficile?
Which trace element accumulation is associated with Wilson's disease?
In what form are the overwhelming majority of enteral dietary lipids ingested?
What is the approximate daily protein range (in g/kg/day) recommended for stressed trauma patients?
Describe the digestive processes required for vitamin B12 absorption.
In the context of GERD management in neurologically impaired children, what is the primary purpose of surgical intervention such as fundoplication?
How is urinary urea nitrogen calculated?
Why are modified release dosage medication forms (XL, XR, SR, CD, etc.) inappropriate to crush for administration via enteral feeding?
An enzyme deficiency commonly seen in African Americans and Native Americans is:
Which of the following does NOT describe the use of minimum enteral feeds in preterm neonates?
Metastatic calcification due to hyperphosphatemia tends to involve which tissues?
What is the incidence of colocutaneous fistula with PEG tube placement?
Cheilosis is a physical symptom associated with a deficiency of
Can Cisapride be used for increased motility?
Which option describes a typical bolus delivery method?
Which set of nutrients is cited as potentially having reduced absorption due to age-related GI changes?
What is the appropriate nutrition therapy for ascites?
Which of the following is a sign of celiac disease in childhood?
Preservation of the ileocecal valve reduces the risk of SBBO after intestinal resection.
In transitioning from enteral tube to oral feeding, discontinue when adequacy of oral intake meets at least what percent of nutrient needs?
Macrocytic anemia is characterized by macrocytosis due to which deficiencies?
Where are vascular access devices placed and why?
What is the initial step recommended by the AAP for an infant showing signs of intolerance on an exclusively cow's milk-based formula?
Which medications are used to lower blood ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy?
When do post procedural complications present after PEG tube placement?
Which of the following is true about lactose content in adult enteral products and medications?
What is the estimated mean US reading level?
What should be avoided with enteral feeding when possible to optimize meeting calorie and protein needs?
What does evidence show about home enteral feeding schedules?
Which weight range is specified for term neonates when determining the 2 mcg/kg/day selenium dose?
Which IV fluids most closely resemble jejunal electrolyte content?
Which lab is not part of the weekly monitoring labs for home PN?
The radiographic views commonly used to assess bone age are
What population is at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency?
What happens to transit time after ileocecal valve resection?
Which lipid source is absorbed directly into portal circulation, bypassing the lymphatic system?
High levels of fluoride increase enamel porosity by disrupting which process during enamel maturation?
Which statement correctly identifies the two medication types used to treat gastric hypersecretions and notes which is preferred?
In steatorrhea, what mechanistic change increases the risk of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis?
What clinical presentation does SIADH cause?
What does fluoroscopy require?
Infant regurgitation is not necessarily a sign of disease.
Resident assessment protocols are composed of which four elements?
After NGT placement in a patient with head/neck pathology, what is the recommended practice?
In PKU dietary management, which amino acid becomes conditionally essential and is supplemented?
Which term describes the highest daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals?
Name the three infant populations deemed at risk for iron deficiency according to AAP selective screening.
Which health care professionals can replace nasogastric or nasoduodenal tubes?
Compared with jejunal fluid, which statement is true about ileal fluid bicarbonate concentration?
Which of the following represents two nutritional strategies to reduce the risk of calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis in short bowel syndrome?
Three 8-ounce glasses of milk per day will achieve adequate calcium intake for which age group?
Regarding the effect of fiber on mineral absorption, what is the current understanding?
In tube feeding syndrome, what adjustment may be necessary if the ability to excrete byproducts is compromised?
In SIADH, what is typically observed in urine?
Which process in the stomach is initiated by hydrochloric acid?
Which infants is at greatest risk for iron deficiency anemia?
How does small bowel bacterial overgrowth lead to fat malabsorption?
Which statement best describes the relationship between DNAR orders and SNS?
In a patient on enteral nutrition with abdominal distention, which intervention is recommended to reduce distention?
What consistency of medications should be used with enteral feedings?
Which method uses enteral pump or gravity drip over 20-60 minutes 4-6xs/daily?
Which statement about copper excretion is true according to the material?
The anabolic phase begins after the acute phase and can last for months.
Which type of system provides the most opportunity for contamination and why?
Methotrexate acts by interfering with the normal intracellular metabolism of which of the following nutrients?
What is the stated average nitrogen content of protein?
In pediatric patients on total parenteral nutrition, when should selenium supplementation be initiated?
Hyperphosphatemia can contribute to which bone-related condition?
Which organ is the primary site of intrinsic factor production?
Glutamine supplementation in parenteral nutrition is used to mitigate which condition?
Which of the following is NOT a frequently reported concern of caregivers of patients receiving enteral tube feedings?
Which action follows GRV assessment to help prevent occlusion?
The estimated risk of enamel fluorosis in infants fed reconstituted infant formula correlates with which factor?
Which of the following factors impact total body water (TBW)?
Normal copper homeostasis is maintained primarily by which process?
Which statement about glutamine supplementation is true?
Why have vitamin D recommendations expanded to include all infants, including those exclusively breastfed?
Which feeding schedule is most appropriate for a critically ill patient with labile and poorly controlled blood glucose concentrations?
After enteral nutrition administration is stable in the diabetic patient, what insulin regimen is recommended?
In the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, which phase determines whether changes should become permanent and standardized?
What is the half-life of serum albumin (visceral hepatic protein)?
What nutrition concern is present in all forms of cirrhosis?
Direct calorimetry requires the subject to remain inside an enclosed chamber.
What is carnitine?
Which home enteral nutrition expense is least likely to be reimbursed by third-party payers?
For term infants not receiving human milk between 4-8 weeks, what is the recommended iron source?
What symptom is associated with carnitine deficiency?
Which practice reduces the risk of microbial contamination when initiating enteral feedings?
Delayed bone age is associated with which of the following sets of conditions?
Which statement best describes the trade-off of adding fiber to an enteral formula?
When is it within the scope of practice for registered nurses to insert nasogastric feeding tubes?
Which key concept should be included in post-discharge teaching for a home parenteral nutrition patient?
Which is most appropriate when initiating and advancing enteral feedings in a hospitalized patient?
In home enteral feeding planning, which practice is encouraged to support family dynamics?
Long chain fatty acids are defined as having how many carbons?
What nutrition should be provided to infants who normally receive human milk ad libitum?
How should PN ingredients be expressed on the PN label?
In end-of-life care, increased ketone production during starvation can lead to what subjective state?
Nutrition therapy for pediatric patients with less than 20% total body surface area burns typically includes
How many items are in the full Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and does it require special anthropometric measures?
What is the mitochondrion and its primary function?
Managed care and private insurance companies often use which established criteria/guidelines when approving coverage for home parenteral nutrition?
In an uncomplicated enterally fed patient, is routine culture testing indicated?
In a patient with a newly placed gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube, which exit-site finding signals concern for infection?
Which of the following is characteristic of cachexia in pediatric oncology patients?
Interstitium accounts for what fraction of extracellular fluid?
Which of the following is a common effect of enteral fiber on the intestinal tract?
What is the glycemic target for the majority of critically ill adult patients?
Why are ileal resections generally more poorly tolerated than jejunal resections?
Which practice helps prevent contamination when transferring formula within the feeding system?
How often should serum iron and ferritin be monitored with PN supplementation after starting a repletion dose?
What is the scope of practice for registered nurses in NGT placement?
What is the suggested daily amount of potassium in preterm infants, term infants and children?
What is the onset time for furosemide in the treatment of hyperkalemic emergencies?
Copper toxicity is associated with which disease?
Obesity in children is defined as BMI greater than which percentile?
Which statement about the effect of the distal ileum on gastric emptying is true?
How does protein concentration in preterm milk change over lactation?
What is the current understanding of choline's role in PN-related liver disease?
What is the hallmark energy expenditure pattern during the ebb phase?
Which item is an example of a modular product?
What is parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC)?
What is a goal of initiating minimum enteral feeds early in preterm neonates?
Which infection-control concept should be included in discharge instructions?
How does the location of a fistula in the GI tract affect its output and metabolic risk?
Which item on the EN formula label helps ensure the formula is not expired or hung beyond the recommended hang time?
Which enteral nutrition delivery method is preferred for critically ill patients?
What is a key limitation in studies evaluating dietary fiber to resolve diarrhea in tube-fed patients?
How do some experts define chronic diarrhea?
According to the WHO/UNICEF recommendation, what is the zinc supplementation plan for a child with acute diarrhea and for an infant under 6 months?
Which statement about cyclic feedings is true?
What is the limiting factor for amounts of calcium and phosphorus provided by PN solution?
Which of the following describes a feeding method where the infusion is delivered in cycles, with pauses between cycles?
During extended periods of fasting (starvation), the main source of energy is from:
Does protein and calorie provision need to be included in discharge instructions?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of EN over PN in severe acute pancreatitis?
Selective screening for iron deficiency anemia would be a better option in which scenario?
What is the most common nutritional deficiency in childhood?
Zinc supplementation for childhood diarrhea has been shown to do which of the following?
What typical body composition change accompanies aging, contributing to lower energy-related requirements?
Which of the following has NOT been shown to delay weaning from mechanical ventilation in COPD patients receiving enteral nutrition?
Which type of enteral feeding tube requires immediate replacement if it becomes dislodged?
What is the iron supplement protocol for infants exclusively fed human milk?
Which two steps help avoid contamination when hanging an enteral feeding set?
What test is used for assessing vitamin A status? Why?
Which component is commonly used as a modular fat source in enteral nutrition formulas?
Which study shows enteral nutrition beyond the ligament of Treitz in severe pancreatitis reduces infectious complications, maintains nitrogen balance, and reduces hyperglycemia?
Which statement describes a mechanism by which chronic steroid use contributes to osteopenia?
Using Mosteller's formula, a child with height 110 cm and weight 22 kg would have an estimated daily maintenance fluid of approximately which amount?
Is ESRD an indication for parenteral nutrition (PN) under Medicare?
Under Holliday-Segar, how many mL/kg/day are allotted for the first 10 kg?
Which symptom class is commonly reported with the initial introduction of dietary fiber?
What determines the rate of ketogenesis during starvation?
Is there a universally proven cut-off for discontinuing tube feeding based solely on oral intake adequacy?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypocalcemia?
What is the preferred method of feeding in the small bowel?
EFAD signs can appear earlier in which population?
Which statement is true regarding aluminum toxicity risk in PN patients?
What is the best method to monitor manganese status in patients on PN?
Which factor increases aspiration risk in critically ill children?
Which of the following is NOT among the six conditionally indispensable amino acids?
Before, between, and after medication administration, what volume of water flush is recommended?
What vitamins are typically added during hyperemesis gravidarum management to address suboptimal intake and prevent complications?
What is the rationale for maintaining higher protein intake in cirrhosis?
Which vitamin consideration is most important for an older adult receiving a 3-in-1 PN while on Warfarin therapy?
Why is a late evening snack indicated in cirrhosis?
What is the onset time for regular insulin with dextrose in the treatment of hyperkalemic emergencies?
How is tube feeding syndrome prevented and/or treated?
A seven-month-old infant fed reconstituted infant formula and other age-appropriate complementary foods may be at risk of over-supplementation with which nutrient?
What is the bolus feeding schedule in terms of daily frequency?
Which has greater adaptive capacity: ileum or jejunum?
Which patient group should not have blindly placed feeding tubes?
Ursodiol is which of the following?
List 3 aspects of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) that require specific justification for Medicare coverage.
Infantile anorexia usually occurs during which age range?
Hartnup's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder causing poor absorption of which amino acids, potentially producing pellagra-like dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia?
How are modular products prepared for use?
In an older adult who requires long-term enteral nutrition, which complication is most often overlooked?
Methotrexate impairs the synthesis of which cellular components due to folate antagonism?
Which statement about refeeding syndrome features is true?
Can hypermagnesemia occur in PN patients with normal liver function?
How does the addition of a carbohydrate modular to increase caloric density affect osmolarity?
Skin care around a feeding tube site should be accomplished by cleaning with which?
What is mixed state malnutrition?
Which medication change can help reduce nausea in enteral nutrition?
Compared with standard term infant formulas, preterm formulas have what carbohydrate composition?
Which statement about AMDRs for fat is true?
How should enteral feeding schedules be designed for the home?
5 common factors associated with PN prescribing errors?
Which statement most accurately describes GER in infancy?
Which vascular access device should not be used for home parenteral nutrition (HPN)?
Transformation of free long-chain fatty acids into acylcarnitines requires which nutrient?
How many AMDRs are established for fat?
What is the purpose of the Medicare recertification process for parenteral nutrition?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of what?
What evidence shows cancer is highly likely to result in malnutrition?
An older adult patient requires parenteral nutrition for 6 weeks but has no IV access. Which vascular access device is most appropriate?
What is the definition of impaired functional status?
What is the physiological role of carnitine?
What is the recommended daily calcium supplementation for reducing oxalate absorption in SBS?
Which lab is an indicator of cholestasis?
Which organ systems are affected by aluminum toxicity?
For feeding a pancreatic insufficient CF infant, which option is NOT indicated unless another medical reason exists?
What are metabolic bone disease complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease? Why?
Which of the following is NOT a reason postoperative and critically ill neonates have lower energy needs?
Which statement best describes the mechanism by which unfermented dietary fiber affects stool water content?
What grade level is recommended for patient education materials?
What is the recommended rate and interval for advancing a full-strength formula toward the goal rate when initiating enteral nutrition?
Which mechanism explains the increased risk of calcium oxalate stones in short bowel syndrome?
What is the preferred treatment for an otherwise healthy infant with acute dehydration?
Which statement best describes a key advantage of closed enteral feeding systems?
Mortality from acute diarrhea is usually primarily due to what?
Which formula is most likely to cause an occluded feeding tube?
Which of the following is NOT a research-based method to restore patency to clogged feeding tubes?
Why does resection of the ileocecal valve result in malabsorption?
Which of the following is a Medicare-approved indication for home parenteral nutrition?
Which criterion involves bowel rest for at least 3 months as a component of HPN eligibility?
What bone age is associated with genetic short stature?
Narcotics are a listed cause of constipation in enteral nutrition. True or False?
What is the purpose of modular products?
Which of the following represents the calcium RDA for children ages 4–8 years old?
What is the EAR?
Which individual would best benefit from cyclic tube feedings?
Which statement about the SGA is true?
GFR for stage 1 kidney damage with normal or high GFR?
Patients with chronic heart failure on loop diuretics are at risk for which complication?
C. difficile should be ruled out in which patients?
Why should a standard 1 kcal/mL formula with fiber be recommended as the first choice for older adults with PEG feedings?
What metabolic consequence occurs in PKU due to PAH deficiency?
What is Lactobacillus GG?
In PKU, what happens to phenylalanine levels if the condition is not treated?
Which population is not appropriate for using the Body Surface Area (BSA) method to calculate maintenance fluids?
What enteral feeding method delivers formula from an administration set into the feeding tube via enteral pump to guarantee a steady rate?
How does beta oxidation compare to carbohydrate oxidation in terms of energy yield?
How do DNR orders impact SNS?
Which statement about iron dextran's destabilizing effect on emulsions is true?
What special requirement is needed when replacing/placing jejunostomy tubes?
Name the three components of basal-bolus insulin therapy.
What is the electrolyte content of D51/2NS?
An infant with complete ileal resection and preserved ileocecal valve has which primary nutrition-related concern?
The highest prevalence and severity of weight loss is found in patients with which types of cancer?
Which phase is most associated with growth and rebuilding processes?
Which method is similar to continuous infusion but with the rate increasing to meet nutrient goals within 8-24 hours?
Which of the following is considered diagnostic of infantile anorexia?
What is the most serious complication of hyperphosphatemia?
Medicare Part B coverage for home enteral nutrition requires the beneficiary to require tube feeding to provide sufficient nutrients to maintain weight and strength commensurate with their overall health status. This statement is:
Standard parenteral amino acid solutions available for neonates differ from standard adult parenteral amino acid solutions by having a higher content of
What is true about choline in PN-related liver dysfunction based on current evidence?
What is the treatment for idiopathic encephalopathy associated with carnitine deficiency? What happens if left untreated?
Which two consequences commonly occur with ileal resection due to bile salt reabsorption?
Why is human milk considered optimal over standard formula?
Which statement about SIADH is true?
What should be included in the refeeding syndrome electrolyte replacement protocol?
A decrease in food intake in older adults is most likely attributable to which factor?
For preterm infants, what is the recommended elemental iron intake from 1-12 months of age?
Why are modified release dosage forms inappropriate to crush for enteral feeding tubes?
Which form of nutrition is recommended as first-line therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease?
Which dimension is included as a component of geriatric nutritional assessment?
Metastatic calcification is a complication of which electrolyte abnormality?
Based on bone health evidence, what is the RDA for calcium in children and adolescents 9-18 years of age?
How does fecal impaction usually present?
Which statement correctly describes the solubility of monosaccharides?
Long-chain triglycerides require bile salts for both digestion and micelle formation. Which category describes this requirement?
What is a common source of tube-feeding intolerance?
In a stable infant, what percent of kcals should come from carbohydrate in PN?
What is the most common symptom when nutrition and hydration are withheld?
The ileum is the primary site for absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts.
Why is regular insulin typically used when initiating enteral nutrition in a diabetic patient?
Would a patient with a functioning GI tract that is unable to meet nutrition needs due to anorexia or nausea be eligible for Medicare coverage of home enteral nutrition?
Hydrolyzed protein and free amino acid–containing formulas have osmolality slightly higher than standard formulas due to smaller particle size.
When administering multiple medications via enteral feeding tubes, how should they be administered?
Even if HPN is cycled at night what can impact the social quality of life?
Why is zinc the trace element most commonly suspected to be abnormal in long-term PN?
How can EFAD be prevented in pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition support?
Constipation in the enterally fed patient is most often associated with all of the following except:
Which of the following is true regarding volume measurement for GRV?
Which statement about fiber and medications is most accurate?
What compounds are included in the vitamin A family?
An exclusively cow's milk-based formula-fed 2-month-old infant develops a full-body rash. What is the most appropriate next step?
In brush border oligosaccharidase deficiency, what is the primary cause of diarrhea and bloating after sugar ingestion?
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical symptom of celiac disease in childhood?
What is the incidence range of buried bumper syndrome?
What is the function of adipocytes?
What are the two screening options provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics for iron deficiency anemia?
Non-nutritive sucking should be used in the enterally fed neonate less than 32 weeks corrected gestational age to promote which outcome?
Which insulin provides basal coverage?
Meconium ileus etiology statement.
List 5 requirements for Medicare coverage of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) under the Prosthetic device act?
What does evidence show about enteral vs. parenteral feeding strategies in severe, acute pancreatitis?
Which statement lists the four objective criteria used by the Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI)?
What is the function of arginine?
What is the evidence for using omega-3 fatty acid formulas in ARDS?
One research-based method utilized to restore patency to clogged feeding tubes is pancreatic enzyme with sodium bicarbonate.
When should early enteral feeding be initiated in critically ill patients?
Which statement about blue dye in enteral feedings is correct?
What intervention may help to decrease distention when using a fiber-containing enteral formula?
Which energy intake level induces neutral nitrogen balance in maintenance hemodialysis patients?
Folic acid is absorbed in which part of the small intestine?
EFAD in CF is associated with malabsorption of which nutrients?
The vitamin D RDA was determined based on which consideration?
Which statement best summarizes the relationship between aging and sarcopenia?
Decreased vitamin D binding to VDRs can lead to which of the following regarding the renin-angiotensin system?
What is the overall conclusion about empiric zinc therapy for childhood diarrhea in low-income countries?
What is a major risk factor for thiamine deficiency in hospitalized patients receiving parenteral nutrition?
Which option is LEAST likely to improve nausea and vomiting if delayed gastric emptying is suspected?
Which statement accurately describes Medicare eligibility for home enteral nutrition?
In ALI and ARDS, which inflammatory mediators are produced from arachidonic acid metabolism?
Which statement is most accurate about PN indication in fistulas?
Which amino acid is described as the principal metabolic fuel for intestinal cells?
How is bone age evaluated?
Older adults are at an increased risk of zinc deficiency at baseline primarily due to what?
How should the rate be advanced when using a full-strength formula?
The calcium-phosphorus product threshold above which metastatic calcification can occur is closest to which value?
Carnitine deficiency has been documented in which two populations?
In a stable infant, how much protein should be provided by parenteral support?
In DKA, why does hypophosphatemia occur?
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with delayed bone age?
What should be the dose limit on pancreatic enzymes?
What is the hang time for blenderized or reconstituted formulas at home?
What is the recommended initial dietary change for suspected cow's milk protein allergy?
Which complication is a risk if antidiarrheal therapy is used before infectious etiology is ruled out in IBD?
Which statement best describes how energy needs change with age?
Why should the EN tube be flushed before and after each medication?
For HEN eligibility, the patient must require tube feeding to maintain weight and strength and adequate nutrition must not be possible by dietary adjustment and/or oral supplements. Which statement is true?
Dexamethasone is a potent steroid used to assist with which process in premature infants?
Which indices are maintained when energy intake is adequate in dialysis PN?
What is the primary benefit of PEJ feeding in high aspiration risk patients?
Which cancer types had an intermediate prevalence of weight loss at diagnosis?
In cancer-related malnutrition, weight loss varies with cancer type, location, grade, and stage. This statement is:
What is the preferred iron formulation for PN dosage and what must be done before administration?
Which healthcare professional is authorized to replace a nasogastric tube (NGT)?
Before considering anti-reflux surgery in neurologically impaired children with severe reflux, what is recommended?
What is RQ?
Bile salts are primarily absorbed in which segment?
Which option is NOT an appropriate initiate-and-advance strategy for enteral feeds based on the material provided?
In a 14-year-old with anorexia nervosa, which nutrition intervention is most appropriate at admission?
Consumption of soluble fiber contributes to: lower HDL, lower total and LDL, lower colon cancer risk, or increased blood glucose?
Which factor can contribute to buried bumper syndrome due to mechanical pressure?
Hypoventilation would tend to what effect on respiratory quotient (RQ) measurements?
Regarding the dying patient in hospice with nausea during enteral feedings, which statement is true regarding withholding nutrition and hydration?
What is a good estimate of nutritional needs of a patient with a bone marrow transplant? (protein and energy)
How many grams of fat per 100 mL are in 20% IVFE?
In liver disease, energy expenditure is usually increased especially in which conditions?
EFAD leads to which two outcomes?
What is the hang time for canned ready-to-use formulas?
In most cases what accounts for the majority of fluid losses?
Which statement about risks of a sedentary lifestyle in older adults is true?
What is produced by bacteria in the colon when they ferment dietary fiber?
The Fenton growth chart data are cross-sectional. Which of the following is true?
What is the most common complication following gastrostomy placement?
What term describes amino acids that are normally nonessential but become essential under certain conditions?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a mortality risk associated with persistent diarrhea?
True or false: Osmolality above 460 mOsm/kg is associated with tolerance issues in infants.
In aging, what happens to plasma free fatty acids?
If a PD patient has not demonstrated stable protein status with 1.2 g/kg/day, what should be used?
Regarding infectious complications, which statement is true?
Is human milk a good source of iron?
If a PN solution contains 70 g of protein, the nitrogen content would be closest to:
Teach-back process includes which of the following elements?
A home enteral nutrition patient recently treated for pneumonia has new diarrhea. The first intervention should be to:
Tube feeding syndrome is primarily related to which of the following?
Which statement about GRV and risk is accurate?
Which list contains patient groups that may not be ideal for initiation of home parenteral nutrition in the home setting?
Which statement about aluminum in parenteral nutrition components is most accurate?
Should the home enteral nutrition patient be separated from the family during meal times?
Which fluid status is most often implicated in difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation?
What is the most accurate description of stage 5 kidney failure in terms of GFR and dialysis need?
What type of burns can usually be supported by an oral high protein, high calorie diet in children?
What does the display on an electromagnetic placement device show?
Which statement best describes buried bumper syndrome migration?
What is the hang time for open system enteral feeding containers at home?
Overweight in children is defined as BMI between which percentiles?
Protein powders, carbohydrate powders, fat emulsion, MCT oil, fiber and specific amino acids are examples of what?
In burn patients, caloric support above energy expenditure has what effect on lean body mass preservation?
Why is feeding in excess of energy expenditure in burn patients not recommended?
What did a meta-analysis conclude about Lactobacillus GG in pediatric patients?
What lock solution is recommended to reduce CRBSIs?
Which statement best describes the general impact of regular alcohol intake on nutrient absorption?
Which information is included on a PN order to specify when the order was submitted?
Upon initiation of home parenteral nutrition, within how many hours should laboratory data be obtained?
Which electrolytes should be closely monitored with nutrition therapy in eating disorders?
Which daily fistula output would indicate PN according to the rule?
Which trace element deficiency is most likely to occur after 3-6 months of long-term PN?
Which parameter is used to classify malnutrition into four levels in the Waterlow criteria?
Current research does not support Lactobacillus GG as therapy for which conditions in infants or children?
What describes the etiology of PN-associated bone disease?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of closed enteral feeding systems?
Would enteral nutrition be covered for anorexia?
What is the incidence range for the complication caused by excessive external bolster tightening?
Which statement best characterizes infantile anorexia?
Are bowel sounds/evidence of bowel function needed prior to initiation of enteral nutrition?
According to guidelines (2013 American College of Gastroenterology), what is the recommended route of nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis?
Should antidiarrheal medications be used in patients with Clostridium difficile infection?
Which statement about glucose targets in critically ill patients is true?
Which protein is primarily responsible for transporting fatty acids in the blood?
In adults with persistently elevated gastric residual volumes (GRVs), which intervention is most appropriate to consider?
What is the electrolyte content of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)?
What is the second element of treatment for infantile anorexia?
In patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, current evidence comparing enteral nutrition to parenteral nutrition shows which of the following?
Which statement accurately describes the full Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)?
Which intervention has NOT been proven effective in reducing the risk of aspiration for critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition?
Will Medicare approve HPN for fat malabsorption?
Describe the accuracy of predictive equations in pediatric intensive care patients.
When would a temporary protein restriction be indicated in hepatic encephalopathy?
Is starting parenteral nutrition appropriate for a mildly dehydrated infant with viral gastroenteritis?
What is the appropriate initial action when a tube-fed patient with pneumonia develops new diarrhea?
Which data source was used to develop the Fenton growth chart?
Which of the following statements is true about home PN candidacy, given the listed risk groups?
Which feeding type is characterized by delivering nutrition for a portion of the day and pausing for a period overnight?
Which set of substances are monosaccharides?
Weight gain after feeding tube placement increases risk of:
Which statement about IVFE composition in the United States is correct?
Which factor is NOT among the criteria for EN/PN coverage under the prosthetic device benefit?
In what percentage of TBSA burns do children usually require nutrition support?
Glutamine dipeptide products in PN admixtures improve which properties?
A patient receiving PN with high ileostomy output should have which PN change?
Based on bone health evidence, what is the RDA for calcium in children 1-3 years of age?
Which statement is true regarding the effects of dietary fiber on the GI tract?
What is the effect of hemodialysis on copper balance?
How may immune function be affected by functional age-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract?
Methotrexate is best described as which type of drug and what is its core mechanism?
Another concern with blue dye use is systemic toxicity.
Fundoplication is a surgical procedure used to treat which condition in children?
Which component is not part of the ebb response?
Do mature red blood cells contain mitochondria?
How many feet of small bowel beyond the ligament of Treitz is typically considered for HPN coverage?
Providing additional free water flushes for patients with abdominal distention may help by:
If a patient cannot afford formula, which option is appropriate?
Arginine supplementation is used to increase production of nitric oxide; which drawback is highlighted?
Are vitamins, minerals and water considered modular products?
Before giving antidiarrheal medications to a patient with diarrhea who recently completed antibiotic therapy, which test should be performed?
Patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) who belong to a support group have been shown to experience which outcome?
Choline supplementation has been investigated as a treatment for which of the following disease states?
In 2009 guidelines for critically ill patients, what lipid profile should be used in enteral formulas for ARDS/severe ALI?
Although enteral feeding is often preferred, what is a major disadvantage in HEG?
What is the daily maintenance fluid requirement for a 5 kg infant?
Loss of parietal cells after a gastrectomy may lead to a deficiency of
Which item should always appear on the label of an enteral feeding formula?
How is cysteine added to parenteral nutrition, given its instability in aqueous solutions?
How does chromium influence insulin action?
Which of the following statements about cyclic feeding is true?
What is the etiology of colocutaneous fistula with PEG tube placement?
What is the sodium concentration range of homemade or commercial oral rehydration solutions?
Why are omega-3 fatty acids indicated in ARDS?
Which statement best describes management strategies to reduce complications at gastrostomy exit sites?
Which antiretroviral drug class is most strongly associated with HIV-associated lipodystrophy?
Would primary sclerosing cholangitis, alcoholic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma require protein restrictions?
What is the volume of IVFE used in the PN example?
An increase in formula sediment accumulation inside the feeding tube decreasing patency is seen more often with which two types of formulas?
Octreotide exerts its effect in short bowel syndrome by which mechanism?
A patient receiving continuous isotonic enteral formula experiences bloating and mild abdominal distention. What is the best initial strategy?
Which statement about nitrogen balance measurement is true?
Which electrolyte is not typically monitored closely in refeeding syndrome?
Which method is recommended for checking gastric residual volumes (GRVs) during the first two days of tube feeding?
Why does cystic fibrosis-related diabetes occur?
The biochemical defect in phenylketonuria (PKU) is a deficiency of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the para-hydroxylation of phenylalanine to yield which amino acid?
What protein is required for retinol transport?
If a patient is not nutritionally at risk on screening, what is the recommended follow-up plan?
Which factor after GI surgery may impact absorptive function related to the absence of colon and/or ileocecal valve?
Which is a clinical indication for parenteral nutrition in hyperemesis gravidarum?
What can exacerbate zinc loss after colectomy with ileostomy?
Which statement best describes essential fatty acids?
What is infantile anorexia characterized by?
Managed care and private insurance companies often use which established criteria/guidelines when approving coverage for home parenteral nutrition?
Why are patients lacking a colon at a greater risk of dehydration?
What should be considered in patients with abdominal distention?
Triglycerides that require bile acids to facilitate enzymatic digestion and absorption are typically:
Which statement about selenium supplementation in infants on PN is true?
Was there sufficient evidence in the 2010 IOM review to support a cause-and-effect relationship between calcium and vitamin D and extraskeletal outcomes (cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and autoimmune disorders)?
After gastric residual volume (GRV) assessment, which action is recommended to maintain patency?
Which statement about preparing modular products is true?
What is a primary reason for starting iron supplementation in exclusively breastfed infants at 4-6 months?
Which of the following is a life-threatening etiology of pain after starting bolus feeds via a G-tube?
How much fluid does the average healthy adult require to maintain fluid balance?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between meconium ileus and high-dose pancreatic enzyme therapy?
Why are powdered infant formulas used in health care facilities only when clinically necessary and when alternative sterile liquid products are not available?
In infants with cow's milk protein allergy and gastroenteritis, which type of formula is recommended as a trial?
What are the two primary nutrition concerns when planning care for a high-output GI fistula?
Which of the following statements regarding fluid requirements for healthy adults age 18-55 is correct?
What is the target range of fluid provision to prevent tube feeding syndrome in an average adult?
Why are essential fatty acids defined as essential for humans?
In home PN, hypermanganesemia is associated with which complications?
What causes buried bumper syndrome?
How is manganese eliminated normally?
How does fuel oxidation change during fasting?
Which statement about Vitamin K in parenteral nutrition is true?
Which test is commonly used to monitor anticoagulation status in patients taking warfarin?
Which practice is identified by ASPEN/SCCM guidelines as reducing aspiration risk in critically ill patients requiring enteral feeding?
Incidence range of buried bumper syndrome in PEG tube placements?
What is the prevalence of hypermanganesemia in home PN patients?
During ebb, which of the following occurs?
In short bowel syndrome with small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), which metabolic complication is most likely to occur?
Which of the following is listed as a symptom of vitamin D toxicity?
Elevated catecholamines and elevated or normal plasma insulin are observed during which phase after burn injury?
What may be required with liquid medications when administered enterally?
CRRT effluent protein losses should be considered when determining what?
What is the recommended approach to glucose management in sepsis and stress?
Which intervention helps maintain feeding tube patency in the adult patient?
What is the primary purpose of IV calcium gluconate in hyperkalemic emergencies?
Holding enteral feedings is generally not indicated unless abdominal girth increases by how much compared to baseline?
In older adults receiving aggressive nutrition support, which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated?
What is the primary goal of nutrition support in pediatric burn care?
Parenteral glutamine has what effect on mucosal atrophy during bowel rest?
What is the maximum hang time for human breast milk (HBM)?
In 2010 the Institute of Medicine concluded that calcium and vitamin D have a key role in which outcome?
Expressed human milk contains a variety of what type of flora?
What percentage of nutrient intake should oral intake meet as a general guideline to discontinue enteral feeds?
Is cysteine considered an essential amino acid in infants?
Is a soy formula recommended in infants with acute diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis who develop secondary lactase deficiency?
Which adjustment is commonly recommended when delayed gastric emptying is suspected?
Which medication class is least likely to contribute to anorexia in the older adult population?
Which statement correctly defines overweight and obesity BMI percentiles in children?
Failure to monitor which micronutrient in long-term PN patients is most likely to result in toxicity?
What is the predicted length of usage for a midline catheter?
Which statement about the components of basal-bolus insulin therapy is NOT a component?
During the ebb response, what happens to plasma insulin?
Which statement is true regarding GI losses for HPN coverage?
Nitrogen balance assessment: urinary urea nitrogen accounts for what percentage of total urinary nitrogen losses?
What is galactosemia?
What are two advantages of closed enteral feeding systems?
Which of the following are factors that affect the measurement of GRVs?
Which factor can contribute to abdominal distention due to air in the gastrointestinal tract during enteral feeding?
The majority of dietary folate is reabsorbed via which mechanism?
Regurgitation in infants is best described as:
What hormonal condition promotes fatty acid oxidation during starvation?
Which method to determine energy expenditure incorporates body surface area?
Selenium status can be assessed by determining the selenium level in which specimen?
Which statement is true regarding contraindications to early enteral nutrition?
Which statement accurately reflects Medicare reimbursement for home and community-based professional nutrition educational services provided by a registered dietitian?
What can occur with long term vitamin D toxicity?
The Nutrition Risk Index (NRI) uses which two objective criteria?
A 2-month-old infant exclusively fed cow's milk-based formula develops a full-body rash. What is the most appropriate next step?
What is body mass index (BMI)?
Why is cysteine considered likely essential in preterm infants but not in adults?
Have increased gastric residuals been linked to an increased risk for aspiration?
Based on bone health evidence, what is the RDA for calcium in children 4-8 years of age?
Which anatomical structure predisposes patients to SBBO if removed during intestinal resection?
Which nutrient may be related to PN-associated liver dysfunction, with evidence that there is no commercially available injectable form and benefits are unproven?
Which segment of the small intestine has greater adaptive capacity after resection?
In indirect calorimetry, REE stands for Resting Energy Expenditure and RQ stands for Respiratory Quotient. Which option best matches this?
Which is most likely to improve tolerance of enteral feeding in a postoperative patient with documented high GRV receiving bolus tube feedings?
Which statement reflects the recommended approach to prevent impaction and distention in patients with abdominal distention?
Which item is considered an important planning component for home nutrition support patients but is not typically part of a performance improvement plan?
In an infant with adequate energy intake, what is the minimum amount of fat emulsion containing long-chain fatty acids needed to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency?
Which percentage/time frame is used as a significant weight loss indicator for malnutrition?
The acute phase response impacts iron transport by which of the following?
Which portion of the small intestine is capable of compensation and adaptation after ileal resections?
Up to 26% of enterally fed patients report nausea and/or vomiting. If delayed gastric emptying is suspected as the causative factor, which of the following is LEAST likely to improve the patient's symptoms?
Which choice best describes nocturnal feeds?
The use of Lactobacillus GG in pediatric practice has been found to be most effective in which of the following?
Patient education material for home enteral and parenteral nutrition should be written at what grade level?
Which medication would be appropriate to crush and deliver via an enteral feeding tube?
The anabolic phase can last for how long?
Return demonstration primarily verifies which aspect?
Crohn's disease commonly involves which part of the GI tract, contributing to malnutrition through malabsorption?
During inflammatory states, what happens to serum albumin and prealbumin?
Which practice should be taught regarding external bolsters around a feeding tube site?
Which statement about crushing enteric-coated tablets is correct?
Which nutrient is fermented by bacteria in the colon into short chain fatty acids?
Bone age imaging is obtained from radiographs of which locations?
Which of the following is a common cause of nausea and vomiting in enterally fed patients?
Which statement about BMI and dialysis outcomes is true?
Why is jejunal feeding delivered by continuous pump?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when converting IV medications to the enteral route?
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Most enteral formulas designed for oral consumption are composed primarily of?
Which two upper GI enzymes contribute to fat digestion, albeit limited, in healthy adults?
True or False: High-output fistula (>500 mL/day) is an indication for PN.
What is the typical starting rate for full-strength formula when initiating enteral feeds?
What is the osmolality of a 30 kcal/oz concentrated standard infant formula?
Cheilosis is cracking at the corners of the mouth; deficiency of which vitamin is most associated?
What is the evidence-based recommendation for initiating enteral feeds in neonates at risk of NEC?
Which of the following is a best practice recommendation in enteral nutrition (EN) formula safety?
What action did the FDA take regarding FD&C Blue #1 after reports of systemic toxicity?
Regarding electrolyte replacement protocols to prevent refeeding syndrome, which statement is true?
List the five historical factors used in the SGA?
Why are taurine and tyrosine considered essential in neonates but not in adults?
Which factor is known to limit folate absorption?
How much do insensible losses from the lungs and skin contribute to overall fluid losses?
What is the RDA for vitamin D for children 1-18 years of age?
Are overt signs of EFAD common in people with CF?
Why can sorbitol from liquid medications cause diarrhea in enterally fed patients even if sorbitol is not an ingredient of the enteral formula?
In a 2-in-1 PN regimen, which components are typically combined in the same bag?
Which trio of enzymes are involved in fat digestion in the duodenum?
What is the recommended water flush amount between medications when administering via enteral tube?
Which sign is specifically associated with dehydration severity in infants?
Which of the following best describes the benefit of megestrol acetate in patients with cancer-associated cachexia?
Which organization provides guidelines for iron deficiency anemia screening in infants and children?
Which statement best describes the overall evidence for fiber's effect on constipation?
Which of the following is NOT a research-based method used to restore patency to clogged feeding tubes?
The basic structure of a triglyceride is:
Which trace element is most likely to improve hepatic encephalopathy?
In parenteral nutrition, adverse effects from zinc have been observed at what minimum daily dose?
Which intervention assists with maintaining feeding tube patency in the adult patient?
Lactated Ringer's solution includes which of the following?
Which factor reduces morbidity and mortality associated with exit-site infections?
Which statement best describes a key benefit of starting feedings with full-strength formulas at a slow rate?
Besides antimicrobial action, what is another reported use of ethanol in clinical practice?
Which oil is NOT a good source of alpha-linolenic acid?
At what FiO2 is the accuracy of indirect calorimetry of mechanically-ventilated patients decreased?
Which of the following is considered an upper limit for the osmolality of infant formulas to avoid tolerance issues?
Which metabolic process is common in both stress and starvation-related malnutrition?
How much fluid per day is required to maintain fluid balance?
Is a caregiver always required for home parenteral nutrition (HPN)?
Does body weight below ideal indicate malnutrition?
Which occurs in chromium deficiency?
In infants with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, lactase deficiency may develop. Which formula would not provide benefit from soy-based formula?
What is the hang time for human breast milk decanted into an open delivery system for use in neonates and immunocompromised pediatric patients?
Red blood cells generate ATP primarily through glycolysis because they do not contain which organelle?
Which statement correctly describes the effect of regular alcohol intake on thiamin?
What is the osmolality of hydrolyzed protein and free amino acid–containing infant formulas?
In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nutrition status is
In eating disorders, which intervention has been shown to significantly increase weight and BMI compared to oral refeeding therapy alone?
What is important about FiO2 during measurement of indirect calorimetry?
What fraction of extracellular fluid is located in the intravascular space?
Why is a test dose of iron dextran used before adding to PN?
Which is NOT a component of a complete PN order?
In PN patients with elevated bilirubin, which trace elements may need to be reduced or eliminated?
What may occur with calorically dense or high-fiber formulas that decreases tube patency?
In tubefeeding patients, fiber addition has been shown to produce which stool change, although benefits are not consistently observed?
Cyclic feeding is best described as an infusion where the rate increases to meet goals within 8-24 hours.
Under Medicare guidelines for Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN), which of the following is one of the two criteria?
Which is the most common complication associated with PN administration?
For Medicare home nutrition education services, which statement best describes the role of referrals?
Which statement describes an age-related change in gastrointestinal motility?
Which of the following statements about MNA-SF accuracy is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a typical biochemical finding in Vitamin D deficient rickets?
Which professionals are allowed to replace a nasogastric tube (NGT)?
Which of the following is a demonstrated benefit of EN over PN in severe acute pancreatitis?
How are medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) absorbed?
Do gastric residual volumes correlate with the incidence of regurgitation, aspiration or pneumonia?
Which statement about Crohn's disease distribution is supported by the source?
Which group would be considered the lowest risk candidate for initiation of home parenteral nutrition?
Which organ is primarily affected by copper accumulation in Wilson's disease?
Describe the impact of fiber on the upper and lower GI tract.
According to CMS, which of the following is an indication for home parenteral nutrition?
Which statement accurately describes the inflammatory and metabolic response following trauma?
What is the mechanism by which IV calcium gluconate helps in hyperkalemia?
Ursodiol facilitates absorption of which nutrient?
If gastric residual volumes remain elevated, which intervention is recommended?
Why should REE measured by indirect calorimetry be used as the caloric target without addition of stress or activity factors?
Which factor after GI surgery may impact the absorptive function of the bowel?
When a micronutrient is added or omitted in PN, what is the recommended monitoring approach?
What is the half-life of albumin?
What is a possible benefit of using soluble fiber in tube feeding?
How does high luminal sodium concentration affect glucose absorption?
Why is fluid restriction indicated in infants with chronic lung disease?
What is tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)?
For closed-system EN formulas, hang time is determined by:
Which of the following is a metabolic alteration noted during the ebb response following burn injury to a pediatric patient?
Which factor is NOT listed as a reason for decreased oral intake by older adults?
What is the primary purpose of cyclic feeding regimens?
Enteral fiber is commonly associated with which outcome regarding diarrhea?
In postoperative neonates, growth cannot occur until which of the following?
Which oil is NOT among the three oils rich in linoleic acid?
Aluminum in parenteral solutions is best described as which of the following?
Which factor increases zinc deficiency risk after colectomy with ileostomy?
Vitamins, minerals and water are considered modular products.
When ATP is abundant, inhibition of phosphofructokinase is important because it...
Which statement about the oxidation of essential amino acids is true?
Which term describes respect for a patient's right to make medical decisions, including continuation or discontinuation of feeding?
Which of the following is a non-profit organization identified as a resource for home nutrition patients and their caregivers?
What Medicare act is home parenteral nutrition (HPN) covered under?
How are glucose and galactose transported into the enterocyte?
In cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency, what is added to enteral feeds to aid digestion and absorption of nutrients?
What act of Medicare covers HPN?
What is the first step in treating hepatic encephalopathy?
Which of the following lists the four Medicare/Medicaid guidelines under the prosthetic device act that qualify a patient for HEN?
Is pancreatitis a contraindication to early enteral nutrition?
Why are enteric coated and film coated tablets not crushed for administration via an enteral feeding tube?
Which of the following statements best describes vitamins that require bile salts for emulsification and micelle absorption into the enterocyte?
With excessive tightening of the external bolster, what complication may occur and what is the incidence?
Which electrolyte abnormality is most strongly linked to digoxin toxicity risk?
What is the current recommendation for initiating enteral feedings in adults and children?
What does an RQ of 0.82 indicate?
Which organ is identified as having the necessary enzymes for gluconeogenesis in the material?
Which statement about zinc status measurement is true?
Which two nutrient-related substances are primarily absorbed in the ileum?
What should be done for any new occurrence of pain at or near the G-tube site?
What is the electrolyte content of half normal saline (0.45% sodium chloride)?
Which factor after GI surgery is associated with prior gastric resection?
During diarrheal illness in infants who normally receive human milk, what is recommended regarding feeding?
Which factor can contribute to abdominal distention due to cold formula in enteral feeding?
Neuromuscular disease is considered which type of risk factor for aspiration?
In home infusion patients with frequent interruption of electrical service, which item is recommended to support continuity of therapy?
Which is the BEST indication for the use of a soy-based infant formula?
How do colocutaneous fistulas occur with PEG placement, and what is their prevalence?
Copper deficiency can cause paresthesias in the extremities.
What is the suggested daily amount of potassium for maintenance in an infant receiving parenteral nutrition?
How does cystic fibrosis related diabetes occur?
What is the preferred flush solution to maintain feeding tube patency?
Soluble fiber's effect on the upper GI tract includes which statement?
An RQ greater than 1.0 indicates excessive CO2 production; what should be done?
Which deficiency syndrome may result from long-term alcohol abuse?
What is the suggested daily amount of potassium required for maintenance in an infant receiving parenteral nutrition?
What is the preferred flush solution to maintain feeding tube patency?
In bowel rest, parenteral glutamine supplementation is associated with which outcome for atrophic changes?
In adults, cysteine can be synthesized from methionine via which pathway?
Most likely cause of watery diarrhea and bloating in the enterally fed adult patient?
Are aluminum toxicity manifestations specific to a single organ system?
Why is soy or hypoallergenic formula recommended in galactosemia versus lactose-free cow's milk?
Early enteral feeding has been suggested to reduce which outcome?
Which statement best reflects coping differences among HPN patients according to the material?
Vitamin D deficiency can manifest as:
Which of the following is a direct metabolic benefit of short chain fatty acids to colonocytes?
In hepatic encephalopathy, when might a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) enriched formula be used?
Which statement best describes the current evidence regarding the relationship between GRV and aspiration pneumonia?
Which statement about bicarbonate concentration in ileal versus jejunal fluid is correct?
Which statement is NOT recommended for managing hypergranulation at an exit site?
Which item is the EXCEPT in education for home enteral nutrition discharge?
Infantile anorexia is not due to an associated GI disorder or other medical condition. Is this statement true or false?
What should be recommended to short bowel syndrome patients who have a colon to decrease the risk of oxalate nephropathy?
Which statement about PN labeling is true?
Which complication of enteral nutrition is the most potentially dangerous in the older adult?
Which deficiency is most classically linked to microcytic hypochromic anemia?
A patient has an advanced directive stating a desire to forego medical technology, including nutrition and hydration, in order to prolong life. The patient is now in an irreversible vegetative state. In deciding whether to continue nutrition and hydration by medical means, the patient's surrogate decision maker must:
Which sequence lists the three phases of the metabolic response to critical illness?
Which statement accurately describes the major site of fat digestion?
In a patient with Clostridium difficile infection, should the feeding formula be changed to elemental?
Why is aspiration a greater concern as a complication of EN in older adults?
In the home setting, how quickly do patients and caregivers typically adapt to the prescribed enteral feeding regimen?
Buried bumper syndrome is caused by what mechanism, and what is its prevalence?
In the Swinamer equation, which variable is multiplied by 945?
Which forms of thiamin administration have been shown to correct thiamin deficiency in wet beriberi?
How does soluble fiber intake impact cholesterol levels?
Non-nutritive sucking in the infant can stimulate secretion of which substances in the oral mucosa via vagal innervation?
Which metabolite increases due to nucleic acid breakdown in TLS?
The decision to terminate enteral feeding in a patient in a persistent vegetative state whose wishes have been made known through an advance directive is based on the ethical principle of
For neonates or immunocompromised infants, feeding systems should not be used beyond which time frame?
In the PN scenario, how many grams of dextrose are included?
Which statement about irrigation for patency is accurate?
Which statement best describes the rationale for avoiding powdered formulas when possible in immunocompromised patients?

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